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राष्ट्रकुल परिषद

आंतरराष्ट्रीय संघटना

राष्ट्रकुल परिषद (इंग्रजी: Commonwealth of Nations) ही एक अशी आंतरराष्ट्रीय संघटना आहे ज्या मार्फत विविध सामाजिक, राजकीय व अर्थव्यवस्था असलेले देश एकत्र येऊन समान तत्वे व मुद्दांवर काम करतात, जे सिंगापुर घोषणेत [१] नमूद आहे. यात सामिल आहे लोकतंत्र, मानवी हक्क, चांगले सरकार, न्याय, व्यक्तिगत स्वातंत्र, खुला व्यापार व जागतिक शांती साठी काम करणे.[२]

राष्ट्रकुल परिषद
Commonwealth of Nations
जगाच्या नकाशावर राष्ट्रकुल देश.
स्थापना २८ एप्रिल इ.स. १९४९
मुख्यालय लंडन, इंग्लंड
सदस्यत्व
List
अधिकृत भाषा
इंग्लिश
Leader राणी एलिझाबेथ दुसरी
संकेतस्थळ thecommonwealth.org

सदस्य देश

संपादन

विद्यमान सदस्य

संपादन
देश प्रवेश खंड लोकसंख्या टीपा[A]
  ॲंटिगा आणि बार्बुडा 1981-11-011 नोव्हेंबर 1981 उत्तर अमेरिका 88,000
  ऑस्ट्रेलिया 1931-12-1111 December 1931 ओशनिया 22,073,000 Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 1 January 1901. Australia was one of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931, although the statute was not adopted in Australia until 1942.[३]
  बहामास 1973-07-1010 July 1973 उत्तर अमेरिका 342,000
  बांगलादेश[B] 1972-04-1818 April 1972[४] आशिया 162,221,000 १९७१ साली पाकिस्तानपासून स्वातंत्र्य.[५]
  बार्बाडोस 1966-11-3030 November 1966 उत्तर अमेरिका 279,000
  बेलिझ 1981-09-2121 September 1981 उत्तर अमेरिका 322,130
  बोत्स्वाना 1966-09-3030 September 1966 आफ्रिका 1,950,000
  ब्रुनेई 1984-01-011 January 1984 आशिया 400,000
  कामेरून 1995-11-1313 November 1995[६] आफ्रिका 19,522,000 Most of the country was the formerly French Mandate territory (later U.N Trust territory) of Cameroun and gained independence from फ्रांस on 1 January 1960, uniting with the much smaller former British Mandate territory of Southern Cameroons on its gaining independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1961.
  कॅनडा 1931-12-1111 December 1931 उत्तर अमेरिका 34,053,000 [७] Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 1 July 1867. Canada was the first among the several original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931.[८] Incorporated another original Dominion, Newfoundland, on 31 March 1949.[९]
  सायप्रस 1961-03-1313 March 1961[१०] Europe 794,200 Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 August 1960.
  डॉमिनिका 1978-11-033 November 1978 उत्तर अमेरिका [C]79,000
  गांबिया 1965-02-1818 February 1965 आफ्रिका 1,717,000
  घाना 1957-03-066 March 1957 आफ्रिका 23,837,000
  ग्रेनेडा 1974-02-077 February 1974 उत्तर अमेरिका 103,000
  गयाना 1966-05-2626 May 1966 South America 761,000
  भारत 1947-08-1515 August 1947 आशिया 1,173,230,000 Incorporated former French India (Chandannagar from 2 May 1950 and Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé from 1 November 1954), former Portuguese India (Goa, Daman and Diu from 19 December 1961 and Dadra and Nagar Haveli formally from 1961) and Sikkim (from 16 May 1975).
  जमैका 1962-08-066 August 1962 उत्तर अमेरिका 2,721,000
  केन्या 1963-12-1212 December 1963 आफ्रिका 39,856,000
  किरिबाटी 1979-07-1212 July 1979 ओशनिया [D]99,000
  लेसोथो 1966-10-044 October 1966 आफ्रिका 2,000,000
  मलावी 1964-07-066 July 1964 आफ्रिका 15,884,000
  मलेशिया 1963-09-1616 September 1963 आशिया 28,356,000 Joined as the Federation of Malaya in 1957; reformed as Malaysia with its federation in 1963 with Singapore (became a separate member in 1965), Sabah, and Sarawak.[११]
  मालदीव 1982-07-099 July 1982 आशिया 329,000 Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 July 1965.[१२] Maldives was a special member from 9 July 1982 until 20 July 1985.[१३]
  माल्टा 1964-09-2121 September 1964 Europe 412,668
  मॉरिशस 1968-03-1212 March 1968 आफ्रिका 1,285,000
  मोझांबिक 1995-11-1313 November 1995[१४] आफ्रिका 22,892,000 Gained independence from Portugal on 26 June 1975. The first country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom.[१५]
  नामिबिया 1990-03-2121 March 1990 आफ्रिका 2,131,000 Gained independence from South आफ्रिका.[१६]
  नौरू[B] 1968-11-01†1 November 1968 ओशनिया 14,000 Nauru is a special member. Gained independence on 31 January 1968 from joint trusteeship of ऑस्ट्रेलिया, न्यू झीलँड and United Kingdom. The nation was a special member from 1 November 1968 until 1 May 1999, when it became a full member,[१७] before reverting back to special status in January 2006.[१८]
  न्यू झीलंड 1931-12-1111 December 1931 ओशनिया 4,317,972 Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 26 September 1907. One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931, although the Statute was not adopted in New Zealand until 1947.[१९]
  नायजेरिया 1960-10-011 October 1960 आफ्रिका 154,796,000 Incorporated the former British Mandate territory of Northern Cameroons on 31 May 1961. Suspended in 1995, suspension lifted in 1999.[२०]
  पाकिस्तान 1947-08-1414 August 1947 आशिया 168,052,000 Left in 1972, rejoined 1989; suspended in 1999, suspension lifted in 2004; again suspended in 2007,[२१] suspension lifted in 2008.[२२] Includes the city of Gwadar, transferred from Muscat and Oman on 8 September 1958.
  पापुआ न्यू गिनी 1975-09-1616 September 1975 ओशनिया 6,737,000 Gained independence from ऑस्ट्रेलिया.
  रवांडा[B] 2009-11-2929 November 2009[२३] आफ्रिका 9,998,000 Gained independence from Belgium on 1 July 1962. The second country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom.[१५]
  सेंट किट्स व नेव्हिस[B] 1983-09-1919 September 1983 उत्तर अमेरिका 52,000
  सेंट लुसिया 1979-02-2222 February 1979 उत्तर अमेरिका 171,000
  सेंट व्हिन्सेंट आणि ग्रेनेडीन्स 1979-10-2727 October 1979 उत्तर अमेरिका [C]119,000 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was a special member from 27 October 1979 until 1 June 1985.
  सामोआ 1970-08-2828 August 1970 ओशनिया 185,000 Gained independence from न्यू झीलँड on 1 January 1962. Joined as Western Samoa, subsequently changing its name to Samoa on 4 July 1997.[२४]
  सेशेल्स 1976-06-2929 June 1976 आफ्रिका 84,000
  सियेरा लिओन 1961-04-2727 April 1961 आफ्रिका 5,695,000
  सिंगापूर 1965-10-15†15 October 1965 आशिया 4,986,000 First joined as part of Malaysia on 16 September 1963.
  सॉलोमन द्वीपसमूह 1978-07-077 July 1978 ओशनिया 913,000
साचा:देश माहिती South आफ्रिका दक्षिण आफ्रिका 1931-12-1111 December 1931 आफ्रिका 49,423,000 Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 31 May 1910. One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Left on 31 May 1961, rejoined on 1 June 1994.[२५]
  श्री लंका 1948-02-044 February 1948 आशिया 20,743,000 Joined as the Dominion of Ceylon, subsequently changing its name in 1972.
  स्वाझीलँड 1968-09-066 September 1968 आफ्रिका 1,182,000
  टांझानिया 1964-04-2626 April 1964 आफ्रिका 43,729,000 Merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[२६]
  टोंगा 1970-06-044 June 1970 ओशनिया 102,000
  त्रिनिदाद व टोबॅगो 1962-08-3131 August 1962 उत्तर अमेरिका 1,335,000
  तुवालू[B] 1978-10-011 October 1978 ओशनिया 12,000 Tuvalu was a special member from 1 October 1978 until 1 September 2000.[२७]
  युगांडा 1962-10-099 October 1962 आफ्रिका 32,816,000
  युनायटेड किंग्डम 1931-12-1111 December 1931 Europe 61,609,500 The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Statute of Westminster 1931.
  व्हानुआतू[B] 1980-07-3030 July 1980 ओशनिया 241,000 Gained independence from joint rule of फ्रांस and United Kingdom.
  झांबिया 1964-10-2424 October 1964 आफ्रिका 12,935,000

^ A. Unless otherwise noted, independence was gained from United Kingdom on date of joining the Commonwealth as shown in column 2.
^ B. Not a member of the Commonwealth Foundation.
^ C. The population figure is based on 2004 estimates.
^ D. The population figure is based on 2005 estimates.

निलंबित सदस्य

संपादन
देश प्रवेश खंड निलंबित Notes
  फिजी[A] 1970-10-1010 October 1970 ओशनिया 8 December 2006 Left in 1987; rejoined in 1997; suspended on 6 June 2000;[२८] suspension lifted on 20 December 2001;[२९] again suspended in 2006 because of the 2006 Fijian coup d'état.[३०]

^ A. Not a member of the Commonwealth Foundation.

माजी सदस्य

संपादन
देश प्रवेश खंड निर्गम टीपा
  आयर्लंड 1931-12-1111 December 1931 Europe 1949-04-18]]18 April 1949 One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Left after passing the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949.[५][९]
  झिम्बाब्वे 1980-10-011 October 1980 आफ्रिका 2003-12-077 December 2003 Suspended on 19 March 2002.[२९] Withdrew voluntarily on 7 December 2003.[३१]

बरखास्त सदस्य

संपादन
भूतपूर्व देश सामील खंड बरखास्त Rejoined as part of Notes
  Malaya 1957-08-3131 August 1957 आशिया 1963-09-1616 September 1963   मलेशिया Reformed as Federation of Malaysia with Singapore (became a separate member in 1965), Sabah, and Sarawak.
साचा:देश माहिती Newfoundland न्यू फाउंडलंड 1931-12-1111 December 1931 उत्तर अमेरिका 1934-02-1616 February 1934   कॅनडा One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Government suspended on 16 February 1934, joined Canada on 31 March 1949.[९]
साचा:देश माहिती Tanganyika Tanganyika 1961-12-099 December 1961 आफ्रिका 1964-04-2626 April 1964   टांझानिया The two countries merged to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964.[२६]
  Zanzibar 1963-12-1010 December 1963

राष्ट्रकुल क्षेत्र

संपादन

वरील राष्ट्रकुल परिषदेच्या सदस्यांपैकी १६ देश असे आहेत जेथे संविधानिक राजेशाही प्रकारचे सरकार अस्तित्वात आहे.
अमेरिका

युरोप

ओशनिया

संदर्भ

संपादन
  1. ^ "बवेविप्र*". २००७-०७-२५ रोजी पाहिले.
  2. ^ "सिंगापुर घोषणा". २००७-०७-२५ रोजी पाहिले.
  3. ^ "Australia". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  4. ^ Kohen, Marcelo G. Secession. London. p. 122.
  5. ^ a b "Wind of Change". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  6. ^ Pondi, Jean-Emmanuel (1997). "Cameroon and the Commonwealth of Nations". The Round Table. 86 (344): pp. 563–570. doi:10.1080/00358539708454389. 10.1080/00358539708454389. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)
  7. ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". 2013-02-08 रोजी मूळ पान पासून संग्रहित. 2009-10-19 रोजी पाहिले.
  8. ^ "Canada - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  9. ^ a b c "Dominion Status". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  10. ^ McIntyre, W. David (2000). "Britain and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 28 (1): pp. 135–158. doi:10.1080/03086530008583082. 10.1080/03086530008583082. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)
  11. ^ "Malaysia - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  12. ^ "Maldives - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  13. ^ "The Maldives and the Commonwealth". 2012-12-03 रोजी मूळ पान पासून संग्रहित. 30 January 2009 रोजी पाहिले.
  14. ^ Ingram, Derek (1996). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 85 (338): pp. 153–165. doi:10.1080/00358539608454302. 10.1080/00358539608454302. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)
  15. ^ a b "Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth". 2009-11-29 रोजी पाहिले.[permanent dead link]
  16. ^ Chronology of Namibian Independence
  17. ^ "Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth". 30 January 2009 रोजी पाहिले.
  18. ^ "Nauru–History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  19. ^ "New Zealand- History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  20. ^ "Nigeria". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  21. ^ "Pakistan suspended from the Commonwealth". 2008-06-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  22. ^ "Commonwealth lifts Pakistan suspension". 2008-06-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  23. ^ चुका उधृत करा: <ref> चुकीचा कोड; rwanda नावाने दिलेल्या संदर्भांमध्ये काहीही माहिती नाही
  24. ^ "Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997". 2007-11-27 रोजी पाहिले.
  25. ^ "South आफ्रिका". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  26. ^ a b "Tanzania - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
  27. ^ "Tuvalu Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth". 30 January 2009 रोजी पाहिले.
  28. ^ Ingram, Derek (2000). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 89 (355): pp. 311–55. doi:10.1080/00358530050083406. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य); |access-date= requires |url= (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)
  29. ^ a b Ingram, Derek (2002). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 91 (364): pp. 131–59. doi:10.1080/00358530220144148. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य); |access-date= requires |url= (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)
  30. ^ Ingram, Derek; Soal, Judith (2007). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 96 (388): pp. 2–28. doi:10.1080/00358530701189734. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य); |access-date= requires |url= (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)
  31. ^ "Editorial: CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria". The Round Table. 93 (373): pp. 3–6. 2004. doi:10.1080/0035853042000188139. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य); |access-date= requires |url= (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)

बाह्य दुवे

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