राष्ट्रकुल परिषद
राष्ट्रकुल परिषद (इंग्रजी: Commonwealth of Nations) ही एक अशी आंतरराष्ट्रीय संघटना आहे ज्या मार्फत विविध सामाजिक, राजकीय व अर्थव्यवस्था असलेले देश एकत्र येऊन समान तत्वे व मुद्दांवर काम करतात, जे सिंगापुर घोषणेत [१] नमूद आहे. यात सामिल आहे लोकतंत्र, मानवी हक्क, चांगले सरकार, न्याय, व्यक्तिगत स्वातंत्र, खुला व्यापार व जागतिक शांती साठी काम करणे.[२]
जगाच्या नकाशावर राष्ट्रकुल देश. | |
स्थापना | २८ एप्रिल इ.स. १९४९ |
---|---|
मुख्यालय | लंडन, इंग्लंड |
सदस्यत्व |
List |
अधिकृत भाषा | इंग्लिश |
Leader | राणी एलिझाबेथ दुसरी |
संकेतस्थळ | thecommonwealth.org |
सदस्य देश
संपादनविद्यमान सदस्य
संपादनदेश | प्रवेश | खंड | लोकसंख्या | टीपा |
---|---|---|---|---|
ॲंटिगा आणि बार्बुडा | 1 नोव्हेंबर 1981 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 88,000 | |
ऑस्ट्रेलिया | 11 December 1931 | ओशनिया | 22,073,000 | Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 1 January 1901. Australia was one of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931, although the statute was not adopted in Australia until 1942.[३] |
बहामास | 10 July 1973 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 342,000 | |
बांगलादेश | [४] | 18 April 1972आशिया | 162,221,000 | १९७१ साली पाकिस्तानपासून स्वातंत्र्य.[५] |
बार्बाडोस | 30 November 1966 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 279,000 | |
बेलिझ | 21 September 1981 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 322,130 | |
बोत्स्वाना | 30 September 1966 | आफ्रिका | 1,950,000 | |
ब्रुनेई | 1 January 1984 | आशिया | 400,000 | |
कामेरून | [६] | 13 November 1995आफ्रिका | 19,522,000 | Most of the country was the formerly French Mandate territory (later U.N Trust territory) of Cameroun and gained independence from फ्रांस on 1 January 1960, uniting with the much smaller former British Mandate territory of Southern Cameroons on its gaining independence from the United Kingdom on 1 October 1961. |
कॅनडा | 11 December 1931 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 34,053,000 [७] | Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 1 July 1867. Canada was the first among the several original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931.[८] Incorporated another original Dominion, Newfoundland, on 31 March 1949.[९] |
सायप्रस | [१०] | 13 March 1961Europe | 794,200 | Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 18 August 1960. |
डॉमिनिका | 3 November 1978 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 79,000 | |
गांबिया | 18 February 1965 | आफ्रिका | 1,717,000 | |
घाना | 6 March 1957 | आफ्रिका | 23,837,000 | |
ग्रेनेडा | 7 February 1974 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 103,000 | |
गयाना | 26 May 1966 | South America | 761,000 | |
भारत | 15 August 1947 | आशिया | 1,173,230,000 | Incorporated former French India (Chandannagar from 2 May 1950 and Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé from 1 November 1954), former Portuguese India (Goa, Daman and Diu from 19 December 1961 and Dadra and Nagar Haveli formally from 1961) and Sikkim (from 16 May 1975). |
जमैका | 6 August 1962 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 2,721,000 | |
केन्या | 12 December 1963 | आफ्रिका | 39,856,000 | |
किरिबाटी | 12 July 1979 | ओशनिया | 99,000 | |
लेसोथो | 4 October 1966 | आफ्रिका | 2,000,000 | |
मलावी | 6 July 1964 | आफ्रिका | 15,884,000 | |
मलेशिया | 16 September 1963 | आशिया | 28,356,000 | Joined as the Federation of Malaya in 1957; reformed as Malaysia with its federation in 1963 with Singapore (became a separate member in 1965), Sabah, and Sarawak.[११] |
मालदीव | 9 July 1982 | आशिया | 329,000 | Gained independence from the United Kingdom on 26 July 1965.[१२] Maldives was a special member from 9 July 1982 until 20 July 1985.[१३] |
माल्टा | 21 September 1964 | Europe | 412,668 | |
मॉरिशस | 12 March 1968 | आफ्रिका | 1,285,000 | |
मोझांबिक | [१४] | 13 November 1995आफ्रिका | 22,892,000 | Gained independence from Portugal on 26 June 1975. The first country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom.[१५] |
नामिबिया | 21 March 1990 | आफ्रिका | 2,131,000 | Gained independence from South आफ्रिका.[१६] |
नौरू | 1 November 1968 | ओशनिया | 14,000 | Nauru is a special member. Gained independence on 31 January 1968 from joint trusteeship of ऑस्ट्रेलिया, न्यू झीलँड and United Kingdom. The nation was a special member from 1 November 1968 until 1 May 1999, when it became a full member,[१७] before reverting back to special status in January 2006.[१८] |
न्यू झीलंड | 11 December 1931 | ओशनिया | 4,317,972 | Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 26 September 1907. One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931, although the Statute was not adopted in New Zealand until 1947.[१९] |
नायजेरिया | 1 October 1960 | आफ्रिका | 154,796,000 | Incorporated the former British Mandate territory of Northern Cameroons on 31 May 1961. Suspended in 1995, suspension lifted in 1999.[२०] |
पाकिस्तान | 14 August 1947 | आशिया | 168,052,000 | Left in 1972, rejoined 1989; suspended in 1999, suspension lifted in 2004; again suspended in 2007,[२१] suspension lifted in 2008.[२२] Includes the city of Gwadar, transferred from Muscat and Oman on 8 September 1958. |
पापुआ न्यू गिनी | 16 September 1975 | ओशनिया | 6,737,000 | Gained independence from ऑस्ट्रेलिया. |
रवांडा | [२३] | 29 November 2009आफ्रिका | 9,998,000 | Gained independence from Belgium on 1 July 1962. The second country to be admitted to the Commonwealth without any former colonial or constitutional links with the United Kingdom.[१५] |
सेंट किट्स व नेव्हिस | 19 September 1983 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 52,000 | |
सेंट लुसिया | 22 February 1979 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 171,000 | |
सेंट व्हिन्सेंट आणि ग्रेनेडीन्स | 27 October 1979 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 119,000 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines was a special member from 27 October 1979 until 1 June 1985. |
सामोआ | 28 August 1970 | ओशनिया | 185,000 | Gained independence from न्यू झीलँड on 1 January 1962. Joined as Western Samoa, subsequently changing its name to Samoa on 4 July 1997.[२४] |
सेशेल्स | 29 June 1976 | आफ्रिका | 84,000 | |
सियेरा लिओन | 27 April 1961 | आफ्रिका | 5,695,000 | |
सिंगापूर | 15 October 1965 | आशिया | 4,986,000 | First joined as part of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. |
सॉलोमन द्वीपसमूह | 7 July 1978 | ओशनिया | 913,000 | |
साचा:देश माहिती South आफ्रिका दक्षिण आफ्रिका | 11 December 1931 | आफ्रिका | 49,423,000 | Granted nominal independence (Dominion status) on 31 May 1910. One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Left on 31 May 1961, rejoined on 1 June 1994.[२५] |
श्री लंका | 4 February 1948 | आशिया | 20,743,000 | Joined as the Dominion of Ceylon, subsequently changing its name in 1972. |
स्वाझीलँड | 6 September 1968 | आफ्रिका | 1,182,000 | |
टांझानिया | 26 April 1964 | आफ्रिका | 43,729,000 | Merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar.[२६] |
टोंगा | 4 June 1970 | ओशनिया | 102,000 | |
त्रिनिदाद व टोबॅगो | 31 August 1962 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 1,335,000 | |
तुवालू | 1 October 1978 | ओशनिया | 12,000 | Tuvalu was a special member from 1 October 1978 until 1 September 2000.[२७] |
युगांडा | 9 October 1962 | आफ्रिका | 32,816,000 | |
युनायटेड किंग्डम | 11 December 1931 | Europe | 61,609,500 | The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Statute of Westminster 1931. |
व्हानुआतू | 30 July 1980 | ओशनिया | 241,000 | Gained independence from joint rule of फ्रांस and United Kingdom. |
झांबिया | 24 October 1964 | आफ्रिका | 12,935,000 |
^ A. Unless otherwise noted, independence was gained from United Kingdom on date of joining the Commonwealth as shown in column 2.
^ B. Not a member of the Commonwealth Foundation.
^ C. The population figure is based on 2004 estimates.
^ D. The population figure is based on 2005 estimates.
निलंबित सदस्य
संपादनदेश | प्रवेश | खंड | निलंबित | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
फिजी | 10 October 1970 | ओशनिया | 8 December 2006 | Left in 1987; rejoined in 1997; suspended on 6 June 2000;[२८] suspension lifted on 20 December 2001;[२९] again suspended in 2006 because of the 2006 Fijian coup d'état.[३०] |
^ A. Not a member of the Commonwealth Foundation.
माजी सदस्य
संपादनदेश | प्रवेश | खंड | निर्गम | टीपा |
---|---|---|---|---|
आयर्लंड | 11 December 1931 | Europe | 18 April 1949 | One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Left after passing the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949.[५][९] |
झिम्बाब्वे | 1 October 1980 | आफ्रिका | 7 December 2003 | Suspended on 19 March 2002.[२९] Withdrew voluntarily on 7 December 2003.[३१] |
बरखास्त सदस्य
संपादनभूतपूर्व देश | सामील | खंड | बरखास्त | Rejoined as part of | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaya | 31 August 1957 | आशिया | 16 September 1963 | मलेशिया | Reformed as Federation of Malaysia with Singapore (became a separate member in 1965), Sabah, and Sarawak. |
साचा:देश माहिती Newfoundland न्यू फाउंडलंड | 11 December 1931 | उत्तर अमेरिका | 16 February 1934 | कॅनडा | One of the original Dominions at the time of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Government suspended on 16 February 1934, joined Canada on 31 March 1949.[९] |
साचा:देश माहिती Tanganyika Tanganyika | 9 December 1961 | आफ्रिका | 26 April 1964 | टांझानिया | The two countries merged to form Tanzania on 26 April 1964.[२६] |
Zanzibar | 10 December 1963 |
राष्ट्रकुल क्षेत्र
संपादनवरील राष्ट्रकुल परिषदेच्या सदस्यांपैकी १६ देश असे आहेत जेथे संविधानिक राजेशाही प्रकारचे सरकार अस्तित्वात आहे.
अमेरिका
- ॲंटिगा आणि बार्बुडा
- बहामास
- बार्बाडोस
- बेलिझ
- कॅनडा
- ग्रेनेडा
- जमैका
- सेंट किट्स व नेव्हिस
- सेंट लुसिया
- सेंट व्हिन्सेंट आणि ग्रेनेडीन्स
युरोप
ओशनिया
संदर्भ
संपादन- ^ "बवेविप्र*". २००७-०७-२५ रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "सिंगापुर घोषणा". २००७-०७-२५ रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Australia". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ Kohen, Marcelo G. Secession. London. p. 122.
- ^ a b "Wind of Change". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ Pondi, Jean-Emmanuel (1997). "Cameroon and the Commonwealth of Nations". The Round Table. 86 (344): pp. 563–570. doi:10.1080/00358539708454389. 10.1080/00358539708454389. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link) - ^ "Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data". 2013-02-08 रोजी मूळ पान पासून संग्रहित. 2009-10-19 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Canada - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ a b c "Dominion Status". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ McIntyre, W. David (2000). "Britain and the creation of the Commonwealth Secretariat". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 28 (1): pp. 135–158. doi:10.1080/03086530008583082. 10.1080/03086530008583082. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link) - ^ "Malaysia - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Maldives - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "The Maldives and the Commonwealth". 2012-12-03 रोजी मूळ पान पासून संग्रहित. 30 January 2009 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ Ingram, Derek (1996). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 85 (338): pp. 153–165. doi:10.1080/00358539608454302. 10.1080/00358539608454302. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link) - ^ a b "Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth". 2009-11-29 रोजी पाहिले.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Chronology of Namibian Independence
- ^ "Nauru Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth". 30 January 2009 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Nauru–History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "New Zealand- History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Nigeria". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Pakistan suspended from the Commonwealth". 2008-06-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Commonwealth lifts Pakistan suspension". 2008-06-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ चुका उधृत करा:
<ref>
चुकीचा कोड;rwanda
नावाने दिलेल्या संदर्भांमध्ये काहीही माहिती नाही - ^ "Constitution Amendment Act (No 2) 1997". 2007-11-27 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "South आफ्रिका". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ a b "Tanzania - History". 2008-02-15 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ "Tuvalu Accedes to Full Membership of the Commonwealth". 30 January 2009 रोजी पाहिले.
- ^ Ingram, Derek (2000). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 89 (355): pp. 311–55. doi:10.1080/00358530050083406. Unknown parameter
|month=
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(सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link) - ^ a b Ingram, Derek (2002). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 91 (364): pp. 131–59. doi:10.1080/00358530220144148. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (सहाय्य);|access-date=
requires|url=
(सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link) - ^ Ingram, Derek; Soal, Judith (2007). "Commonwealth Update". The Round Table. 96 (388): pp. 2–28. doi:10.1080/00358530701189734. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (सहाय्य);|access-date=
requires|url=
(सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link) - ^ "Editorial: CHOGM 2003, Abuja, Nigeria". The Round Table. 93 (373): pp. 3–6. 2004. doi:10.1080/0035853042000188139. Unknown parameter
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(सहाय्य)CS1 maint: extra text (link)