कामरुपी उपभाषा

कामरुपी
	কামৰূপী
स्थानिक वापर	भारत
प्रदेश	बंगाल, ईशान्य भारत, आसाम
लोकसंख्या	6 दशलक्ष (2011 भारतीय जनगणना)
भाषाकुळ	इंडो-युरोपीय इंडो-इराणी हिंद-आर्य पूर्वी हिन्द आर्य भाषा कामरुपी; ; ; ;
लिपी	पूर्व नागरी लिपी,
अधिकृत दर्जा
प्रशासकीय वापर	भारत
भाषा संकेत

ब्रह्मपुत्र घाटी आणि उत्तर बंगालमध्ये बोलणारी प्रथम आर्य भाषा कामरुपी आहे.^[१]^[२] कामरुपी येथे तीन बोलीभाषा आहेत- पश्चिम कामरुपी (बारपेटा), मध्य कामरुपी (नलबारी) आणि दक्षिण कामरुपी (पलाशबारी)^[३]

मध्ययुगीन काळात, ब्रह्मपुत्र घाटी आणि त्याच्या आसपासच्या भागात कामगूरीचा वापर गद्य आणि कविता दोन्हीसाठी संस्कृत समांतर साहित्यिक हेतूने करण्यात आला होता. हे विद्यापितीसारख्या मध्य भारताच्या साहित्यिक आकृत्यांच्या विरोधात गेले, ज्यांनी कवितासाठी गद्य आणि मैथिली संस्कृतचा वापर केला.^[४]

अलिकडच्या काळात दक्षिणी कामरुपी भाषेचा लेखक इंदिरा गोस्वामी यांच्या कामात वापर केला गेला आहे. कविता आणि राष्ट्रवादी अंबिकगिरि रायचौधरी यांनी आपल्या कामांमध्ये मोठ्या प्रमाणात कामरुपी वापरली.^[५]

2018 मध्ये, कामरुपी फिल्म व्हिलेज रॉकस्टर्स 91 व्या एकेडेमी अवार्डमध्ये भारताच्या अधिकृत प्रवेशासाठी निवडले गेलेले क्षेत्र बनले.^[६]

इतिहास

कामरूपी भाषा आज बंगाली आणि आसामी भाषेच्या बोली स्थितीच्या अधीन असली तरीही, ती "मागधी प्राकृत" मधून बाहेर पडते, इतर मध्य पूर्व इंडो आर्य भाषांसह, उदाहरणार्थ राधी, वांग आणि वरेंद्री.^[७] या भाषेने पुढे पूर्वेकडील आधुनिक आसामी भाषेला जन्म दिला.^[२]

प्रत्येक प्राचीन आणि मध्ययुगीन आसामी साहित्य कामरूपीमध्ये,^[८]^[९]^[१०]^[११]^[१२] पूर्वी अमेरिकन ख्रिश्चन मिशनऱ्यांनी पूर्वेकडील विविधतेचा वापर करण्याआधी, व्या शतकाच्या मध्यात बायबलचे भाषांतर करण्यासाठी ठेवले आहे.^[१३]^[१४]

संदर्भ

^ Goswami, , Upendranath (1970). A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese. Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Assam. p. iii. Assam from ancient times, was known as Kamarupa till the end of the Koch rule (17th century) and ancient Kamarupa comprised the whole of North Bengal including Cooch-Behar, and the Rangpur and Jalpaiguri districts of Bengal. Its permanent western boundary is said to have been the river Karatoya in North Bengal according to the Kalika Purana and Yoginitantra, both devoted to geographical accounts of ancient Kamarupa. So the Aryan language spoken first in Assam was the Kamrupi language spoken in Rangpur, Cooch-Behar, Goalpara, Kamrup district and some parts of Nowgong and Darrang districts. As also put by K.L. Barua "the Kamrupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was no doubt the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdon which then included the whole of the Assam Valley and the whole of Northern Bengal with the addition of the Purnea district of Bihar”. It is in this Kamrupi language that the early Assamese literature was mainly written. Up to the seventeenth century as the centre of art, literature and culture were confined within western Assam and the poets and the writers hailed from this part, the language of this part also acquired prestige. The earliest Assamese writer is Hema Saraswati, the author of a small poem, Prahrada Caritra, who composed his verses under his patron, King Durlabhnarayana of Kamatapur who is said to have ruled in the latter part of the 13th century. Rudra Kandali translated Drone Parva under the patronage of King Tamradhvaja of Rangpur. The most considerable poet of the pre-vaisnavite period is Madhava Kandali, who belonged to the present district of Nowgong and rendered the entire Ramayana into Assamese verse under the patronage of king Mahamanikya, a Kachari King of Jayantapura. The golden age in Assamese literature opened with the reign of Naranarayana, the Koch King. He gathered round him at his court at Cooch-Behar a galaxy of learned man. Sankaradeva real founder of Assamese literature and his favourite disciple Madhavadeva worked under his patronage. The other-best known poets and writers of this vaisnavite period namely Rama Sarasvati, Ananta Kandali, Sridhar Kandali, Sarvabhauma Bhattacharyya, Dvija Kalapachandra and Bhattadeva, the founder of the Assamese prose, all hailed from the present district of Kamarupa. During Naranaryana's reign "the Koch power reached its zenith. His kingdom included practically the whole of Kamarupa of the kings of Brahmapala's dynasty with the exception of the eastern portion known as Saumara which formed the Ahom kingdom. Towards the west the kingdom appears to have extended beyond the Karatoya, for according to Abul Fasal, the author of the Akbarnamah, the western boundary of the Koch kingdom was Tirhut. On the south-west the kingdom included the Rangpur district and part of Mymensingh to the east of the river Brahmaputra which then flowed through that district," The Kamrupi language lost its prestige due to reasons mentioned below and has now become a dialect which has been termed as Kamrupi dialect as spoken in the present district of Kamrup.
^ ^a ^b Goswami, Upendranath (1975). Grammatical Sketches of Indian Languages With Comparative Vocabulary And Texts. Linguistic Survey of India, Census of India 1971. p. 35. Thus it is clear that Kamrupi dialect does not only claim as the mother of modern Assamese, but also that this speech continued to exert its appreciable influence on Assamese literature, both prose and poetry. It is worth mentioning here that Assamese Vocabularies may greatly be enriched by incorporation of certain important words and expressions, still in vogue in the modern district of Kamrup proper, in modern Assamese lexicon.
^ Goswami, Upendranath (1970). A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese. Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati. p. 28. The sub-dialectical varieties of Kamrupi may be grouped mainly into three divisions —western, central and southern. The variety spoken in the area comprising Barpeta, Sundardiya, Patbausi, Bhabani- pur etc. is western, that of Nalbari and its surrounding areas is central and that of Palasbari, Chaygong, Boko etc. is southern.
^ Kaliram, Medhi (1988). Assamese grammar and origin of the Assamese language. Publication Board, Assam. p. 84. Prose had also been used by the Maithili poets, Vidyapati, Harsanatha and others,--in their dramas. But whereas the Maithili poets prose was in Sanskrit and their songs alone in Maithili Sankara Deva's prose and songs were both in Kamrupi.
^ Sahitya Akademi, Indian literature: Volume 30. Sähitya Akademi. 1987. p. 31. Ambikagiri set a new trend in Assamese by his abundant use of Kamrupi language in his writings.
^ "'Village Rockstars, Film On Guitar-Playing Girl, Is India's Oscar Entry'". 9 December 2018 रोजी पाहिले.
^ Barma, Sukhabilasa (2004). Bhawaiya, ethnomusicological study. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 66. Based on the materials of the Linguistic Survey of India, Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay has divided Eastern Magadhi Prakrita and Apabhramsa into four dialect groups (1) Radha-the language of West Bengal and Orissa (2) Varendra-dialect of North Central Bengal (3) Kamrupi-dialect of Northern Bengal and Assam and (4) Vanga-dialect of East Bengal.
^ Medhi, Kaliram (1936). Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language. Sri Gouranga Press. p. 66. The language of the pre-Vaisnava and Vaisnava was the dialect of Western Assam while the language of the modern literature is that of Eastern Assam. This latter has been accepted by the common consent as the literary language of the country. Political power thus determined the centre of literary activity and also of the form of literary language.
^ Goswami, Golockchandra (1982). Structure of Assamese. Department of Publication, Gauhati University. p. 11. The Eastern and Central dialects may be regarded as uniform to a certain extent in their respective areas, while Western Asamiya is heterogeneous in character, with large regional variations in the east, west, north and south. There must have been in early times as well, diverse dialects and dialect groups as at present. But then, there seems to be only one dominant literary language prevailing over the whole area; and that was Western Asamiya, the sole medium of all ancient Asamiya literature including the Buranjis written in the Ahom courts. This was because the centre of all literary activities in early times was in western Assam; and the writers were patronized by the kings and local potentates of that region. In the later period, however, even though the centre of literary activities moved to eastern Assam in the Ahom period, the writers continued to accept and use the existing model of the literary style of that time.
^ Choudhury, Dr. Pratap Chandra (1959). The history of civilisation of the people of Assam to the twelfth century A.D. Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Gauhati. p. 395. The best specimens of wise sayings are contained in a work, 'Dakabhanita', attributed to Daka, written in old Kamarupi dialect. The work provides an important specimen of the ancient literature of Assam. It is, however, too early to ascribe the work to the 6th century A.D., as done by D.N. Bezbarua. It may have been composed about the 8th century A.D. It is true that Daka flourished at a time when the written literature of Assam had scarcely taken its birth. The place of the nativity of Daka is given in the work, which states that he was the native of the Lehidangara near modern Barpeta.
^ Barua, Kanak Lal (1933). Early History of kamarupa. p. 318. The Kamarupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was no doubt the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdom which then included the whole of the Assam valley and the whole of northern Bengal with the addition of the Purnea district of Bihar. It is not therefore at all strange the language of the Buddhist Dohas, composed in Kamarupa during the tenth and the eleventh centuries, should be a mixed Maithili-Kamrupi language bearing close resemblance to modern Assamese, the direct offspring of the old Kamarupi dialect.
^ Choudhary, Radhakrishna (1976). A Survey of Maithili Literature. p. 16. According to Kanak Lal Barua, the Kamrupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was, no doubt, the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdom which then included the whole of Assam valley and whole of North Bengal with the addition of the district of Purnea. The language of the Buddhist Dohas is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili-Kamrupi language.
^ Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world: Volume 3. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 8170223768, 9788170223764 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (सहाय्य). With the publication of the translation of the Bible (1838) done by Nathan Brown of the American Baptist Mission Group, modern period of Assamese language began.
^ George, K. M. Modern Indian literature, an anthology: Volume 3. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788172017835, 8172017839 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (सहाय्य). In the restoration of the language (Eastern Assamese), American Baptist missionaries played a very significant role.

हे सुद्धा पहा

हिंद-आर्य भाषासमूह

बाह्य दुवे

Kamrupi:a language with no Army

[1] Goswami, , Upendranath (1970). A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese. Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Assam. p. iii. Assam from ancient times, was known as Kamarupa till the end of the Koch rule (17th century) and ancient Kamarupa comprised the whole of North Bengal including Cooch-Behar, and the Rangpur and Jalpaiguri districts of Bengal. Its permanent western boundary is said to have been the river Karatoya in North Bengal according to the Kalika Purana and Yoginitantra, both devoted to geographical accounts of ancient Kamarupa. So the Aryan language spoken first in Assam was the Kamrupi language spoken in Rangpur, Cooch-Behar, Goalpara, Kamrup district and some parts of Nowgong and Darrang districts. As also put by K.L. Barua "the Kamrupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was no doubt the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdon which then included the whole of the Assam Valley and the whole of Northern Bengal with the addition of the Purnea district of Bihar”. It is in this Kamrupi language that the early Assamese literature was mainly written. Up to the seventeenth century as the centre of art, literature and culture were confined within western Assam and the poets and the writers hailed from this part, the language of this part also acquired prestige. The earliest Assamese writer is Hema Saraswati, the author of a small poem, Prahrada Caritra, who composed his verses under his patron, King Durlabhnarayana of Kamatapur who is said to have ruled in the latter part of the 13th century. Rudra Kandali translated Drone Parva under the patronage of King Tamradhvaja of Rangpur. The most considerable poet of the pre-vaisnavite period is Madhava Kandali, who belonged to the present district of Nowgong and rendered the entire Ramayana into Assamese verse under the patronage of king Mahamanikya, a Kachari King of Jayantapura. The golden age in Assamese literature opened with the reign of Naranarayana, the Koch King. He gathered round him at his court at Cooch-Behar a galaxy of learned man. Sankaradeva real founder of Assamese literature and his favourite disciple Madhavadeva worked under his patronage. The other-best known poets and writers of this vaisnavite period namely Rama Sarasvati, Ananta Kandali, Sridhar Kandali, Sarvabhauma Bhattacharyya, Dvija Kalapachandra and Bhattadeva, the founder of the Assamese prose, all hailed from the present district of Kamarupa. During Naranaryana's reign "the Koch power reached its zenith. His kingdom included practically the whole of Kamarupa of the kings of Brahmapala's dynasty with the exception of the eastern portion known as Saumara which formed the Ahom kingdom. Towards the west the kingdom appears to have extended beyond the Karatoya, for according to Abul Fasal, the author of the Akbarnamah, the western boundary of the Koch kingdom was Tirhut. On the south-west the kingdom included the Rangpur district and part of Mymensingh to the east of the river Brahmaputra which then flowed through that district," The Kamrupi language lost its prestige due to reasons mentioned below and has now become a dialect which has been termed as Kamrupi dialect as spoken in the present district of Kamrup.

[UpendranathGoswami197535-2] Goswami, Upendranath (1975). Grammatical Sketches of Indian Languages With Comparative Vocabulary And Texts. Linguistic Survey of India, Census of India 1971. p. 35. Thus it is clear that Kamrupi dialect does not only claim as the mother of modern Assamese, but also that this speech continued to exert its appreciable influence on Assamese literature, both prose and poetry. It is worth mentioning here that Assamese Vocabularies may greatly be enriched by incorporation of certain important words and expressions, still in vogue in the modern district of Kamrup proper, in modern Assamese lexicon.

[3] Goswami, Upendranath (1970). A study on Kāmrūpī: a dialect of Assamese. Dept. of Historical Antiquarian Studies, Guwahati. p. 28. The sub-dialectical varieties of Kamrupi may be grouped mainly into three divisions —western, central and southern. The variety spoken in the area comprising Barpeta, Sundardiya, Patbausi, Bhabani- pur etc. is western, that of Nalbari and its surrounding areas is central and that of Palasbari, Chaygong, Boko etc. is southern.

[4] Kaliram, Medhi (1988). Assamese grammar and origin of the Assamese language. Publication Board, Assam. p. 84. Prose had also been used by the Maithili poets, Vidyapati, Harsanatha and others,--in their dramas. But whereas the Maithili poets prose was in Sanskrit and their songs alone in Maithili Sankara Deva's prose and songs were both in Kamrupi.

[5] Sahitya Akademi, Indian literature: Volume 30. Sähitya Akademi. 1987. p. 31. Ambikagiri set a new trend in Assamese by his abundant use of Kamrupi language in his writings.

[6] "'Village Rockstars, Film On Guitar-Playing Girl, Is India's Oscar Entry'". 9 December 2018 रोजी पाहिले.

[7] Barma, Sukhabilasa (2004). Bhawaiya, ethnomusicological study. Global Vision Publishing House. p. 66. Based on the materials of the Linguistic Survey of India, Suniti Kumar Chattopadhyay has divided Eastern Magadhi Prakrita and Apabhramsa into four dialect groups (1) Radha-the language of West Bengal and Orissa (2) Varendra-dialect of North Central Bengal (3) Kamrupi-dialect of Northern Bengal and Assam and (4) Vanga-dialect of East Bengal.

[8] Medhi, Kaliram (1936). Assamese Grammar and Origin of the Assamese Language. Sri Gouranga Press. p. 66. The language of the pre-Vaisnava and Vaisnava was the dialect of Western Assam while the language of the modern literature is that of Eastern Assam. This latter has been accepted by the common consent as the literary language of the country. Political power thus determined the centre of literary activity and also of the form of literary language.

[9] Goswami, Golockchandra (1982). Structure of Assamese. Department of Publication, Gauhati University. p. 11. The Eastern and Central dialects may be regarded as uniform to a certain extent in their respective areas, while Western Asamiya is heterogeneous in character, with large regional variations in the east, west, north and south. There must have been in early times as well, diverse dialects and dialect groups as at present. But then, there seems to be only one dominant literary language prevailing over the whole area; and that was Western Asamiya, the sole medium of all ancient Asamiya literature including the Buranjis written in the Ahom courts. This was because the centre of all literary activities in early times was in western Assam; and the writers were patronized by the kings and local potentates of that region. In the later period, however, even though the centre of literary activities moved to eastern Assam in the Ahom period, the writers continued to accept and use the existing model of the literary style of that time.

[10] Choudhury, Dr. Pratap Chandra (1959). The history of civilisation of the people of Assam to the twelfth century A.D. Dept. of Historical and Antiquarian Studies, Gauhati. p. 395. The best specimens of wise sayings are contained in a work, 'Dakabhanita', attributed to Daka, written in old Kamarupi dialect. The work provides an important specimen of the ancient literature of Assam. It is, however, too early to ascribe the work to the 6th century A.D., as done by D.N. Bezbarua. It may have been composed about the 8th century A.D. It is true that Daka flourished at a time when the written literature of Assam had scarcely taken its birth. The place of the nativity of Daka is given in the work, which states that he was the native of the Lehidangara near modern Barpeta.

[11] Barua, Kanak Lal (1933). Early History of kamarupa. p. 318. The Kamarupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was no doubt the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdom which then included the whole of the Assam valley and the whole of northern Bengal with the addition of the Purnea district of Bihar. It is not therefore at all strange the language of the Buddhist Dohas, composed in Kamarupa during the tenth and the eleventh centuries, should be a mixed Maithili-Kamrupi language bearing close resemblance to modern Assamese, the direct offspring of the old Kamarupi dialect.

[12] Choudhary, Radhakrishna (1976). A Survey of Maithili Literature. p. 16. According to Kanak Lal Barua, the Kamrupi dialect was originally a variety of eastern Maithili and it was, no doubt, the spoken Aryan language throughout the kingdom which then included the whole of Assam valley and whole of North Bengal with the addition of the district of Purnea. The language of the Buddhist Dohas is described as belonging to the mixed Maithili-Kamrupi language.

[13] Garg, Gaṅgā Rām (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world: Volume 3. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 8170223768, 9788170223764 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (सहाय्य). With the publication of the translation of the Bible (1838) done by Nathan Brown of the American Baptist Mission Group, modern period of Assamese language began.

[14] George, K. M. Modern Indian literature, an anthology: Volume 3. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 9788172017835, 8172017839 Check |isbn= value: invalid character (सहाय्य). In the restoration of the language (Eastern Assamese), American Baptist missionaries played a very significant role.

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