विकिपीडिया:संदर्भ द्या
<ref> संदर्भ हवा! </ref> घटकवार वाक्यवार, प्रत्येक ओळीस संदर्भ हवा ! : (पहावापरा सोपे संदर्भीकरण) (ह्या चित्राचा प्रताधिकार मर्यादीत,केवळ विकिपीडिया करताच)
- हेसुद्धा पाहा: विपी:सोपे, विकिपीडिया:सोपे संदर्भीकरण - साचे वापरून, विपी:सोपेसा, विपी:संदर्भीकरण, विपी:संदर्भ द्या, आणि विकिपीडिया:नित्याचे संदर्भस्रोत
आपण लिहिलेल्या माहितीविषयी इतर संपादक / उपयोजक सांशक आहेत. कृपया आपल्या चढवलेल्या माहितीचा संदर्भ द्या.
संदर्भ म्हणजे काय हे जाणून घेण्यासाठी संदर्भ हा ज्ञानकोशीय लेखसुद्धा उपलब्ध आहे. विकिपीडियात संदर्भ कसा द्यावा या माहितीसाठी पुढे वाचा.
लेखातील माहितीबद्दल संदर्भ कसा द्यावा?
संपादनछछखगख शेवटी संदर्भ कसे द्यावेत?
- १) शक्यतोवर लेखाच्या तळाशी महिरपी कंसातील {{संदर्भयादी}} किंवा {{संदर्भनोंदी}} साचा आहे का याची खात्री करून घ्यावी. नसल्यास लेखाच्या तळाशी {{संदर्भयादी}} किंवा {{संदर्भनोंदी}} पैकी एक साचा लावून घ्यावा.
- २) संदर्भ शक्यतोवर लेखातील संबंधीत ओळी नंतर द्यावेत. ते आपोआप लेखाच्या तळाशी {{संदर्भयादी}} किंवा {{संदर्भनोंदी}} जिथे असेल तिथे दिसतील. वस्तुत: संदर्भांचे क्रमांकीकरण आपोआप होते त्यासाठी आपणास काही करावे लागत नाही.
- ३) दृश्यसंपादन पद्धत (लेखाच्या वर नुसते संपादन लिहिलेले असते-दृष्यसंपादन साहाय्य आपल्या सदस्य चर्चा पानावरही उपलब्ध असते) वापरल्यास 'संदर्भ द्या/उधृत करा' येथून एखादा संदर्भ पहिल्यांदा वापरणे आणि पुन्हा पुन्हा वापरणे सोपे जाते.
- ४) स्रोत संपादन पद्धत वापरल्यास संपादन खिडकीच्या वरच्या मेनूबार मध्ये एक डावीकडून पाचव्या क्रमांकावर पुस्तकाचे चिन्ह दिसते त्यावर क्लिक केल्यास संदर्भ भरण्यासाठीची एख खिडकी उघडते.
- वरचे क्रमांक ३ आणि ४ अधिक सोपे पण प्रत्यक्षात त्यांचे टॅग कसे होतात हे बघण्याची किंवा मॅन्यूअली करण्याची / दुरुस्ती करण्याची इच्छा असेल तर
* टॅग वापर प्रकार पहिला सोपा प्रकार
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* टॅग वापर प्रकार दुसरा (करण्यास जरा अधिक मेहनत पण एकच संदर्भ पुन्हा पुन्हा असेल तर वाचकासाठी सुलभ) प्रकार
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* टॅग वापर प्रकार दुसराच पण (करण्यास जरा अजून अधिक मेहनत -संदर्भांचे अधिक डिटेल्स जोडण्यासाठी) प्रकार
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आता पर्यंत दिलेल्या संदर्भा कोणत्या प्रकारचे डिटेस्ल टाकणे शक्य असेल ? पुस्तकातील नेमके अवतरण अथवा परिच्छेद, इंटरनेटवर पाहिले असल्यास नेमके कधी पाहिले ?; आयएसबीएन क्रमांक, पुस्तकात एकुण पृष्ठे किती आणि तुम्ही कोणत्या पृष्ठ क्रमांकाचा संदर्भ देत आहात ? आवृत्तीचे डिटेल्स, पुस्तकाची भाषा, संपादक, सहलेखक असे बरेच काही वाढवता येऊ शकते. या गोष्टी अत्यावश्यक नाहीत पण तुम्ही दिलेला संदर्भ इतरांना पडताळणे अधिक सुलभ आणि म्हणून तुमचा संदर्भ अधिक विश्वासार्ह होतो.
तात्पुरती संदर्भ यादीतील संदर्भसंपादनसंदर्भ आणि नोंदीसंपादन
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- एकाच पुस्तकातील वेगवेगळ्या पृष्ठांचे संदर्भ पुन्हा पुन्हा द्यावे लागतात त्यासाठी आणखी काही पद्धती आहेत का ? संदर्भाचा गट बनवणे शक्य आहे का ?
* टॅग वापर प्रकार तिसरा पण (करण्यास जरा क्लिष्ट -संदर्भांचे अधिक डिटेल्स जोडण्यासाठी) प्रकार
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* आंतरजालावर संदर्भ शोधण्यासाठी काही ऊपयूक्त टिप्स
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* संदर्भा प्रमाणे ओळीत विशेष टिपा अथवा शब्दार्थ टिपा कशा जोडाव्यात
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===शब्दार्थ टीप===
असे लिहिल्यास खालील प्रमाणे दिसते.
शब्दार्थ टीपसंपादन
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विकिपिडीयातील माहितील संदर्भ खालील प्रकारे देता येतो:
- वाक्य पूर्ण झाल्यावर संदर्भ लिहा व त्याच्या भोवती <ref></ref> असे टंकित करा किंवा संदर्भाचा मजकूर पसंत(सिलेक्ट) करून संपादनपेटीच्या वर असलेल्या पट्टीतील <ref /ref> असे दिसणार्‍या बटणावर टिचकी द्या.
- लेखाच्या शेवटी ==संदर्भ व टीप== असे लिहून संदर्भ व टीप असा एक विभाग तयार करा. त्यात <references /> असे लिहा. झाले संदर्भ तयार!!
प्रदुशन विर्हित रंकला बनुया
नेहमी विचारले जाणारे प्रश्न
संपादन- संदर्भ केव्हा द्यावेत.
- शक्यतोवर कोणतेही लेखन चालू करण्यापुर्वी दोन स्रोतातील लेख/ग्रंथ/वृत्त इत्यादीचे संदर्भ वाचून घ्यावेत मिळाले नाही तरी :किमान दोन स्रोतात शोधण्याचा प्रयत्न केलेला असणे श्रेयस्कर ठरते. त्यामुळे तुमच्या लेखनाची आणि लेखाची विश्वासार्हता आणि मग विकिपीडियाची ज्ञानकोश म्हणून विश्वासार्हता वृद्धींगत होते.
- हाताशी संदर्भ नाही पण स्मरणशक्तीत आहे मग लिहूच नये का ?
- न लिहिण्यापेक्षा लिहावे पण संदर्भ दिला नाही तर तुम्हीच तुमच्या लेखनाला न्याय देत नाही आहात असे होते.
- संदर्भ शोधण्यासाठी वेळेच्या उपलब्धतेची समस्या असते.
- संदर्भ शोधण्यासाठी प्राधान्य द्यावे. वेळ नसेल तर संदर्भ लेख चर्चा पानावर किंवा बाह्य दुव्यात नोंदवून ठेवावेत
- साधारणपणे जर तुम्ही तासाभरात दुसरे संपादन करत असाल तर पहिल्या संपादनासाठी संदर्भ शोधून जोडण्यासाठी वेळ होता पण आपण संदर्भ जोडण्याची गरज अद्यापी मनावर घेत नाही आहोत असा त्याचा अर्थ होतो.
- किती ओळीस संदर्भ असावेत?
- १) वस्तुत: प्रत्येक नमूद केलेल्या 'फॅक्ट'ला संदर्भ जोडणे हि सर्वात आदर्श बाब झाली. जेव्हा "संदर्भ हवा" असा विनंती साचा इतरांकडून लावला जातो तेव्हा आपण संदर्भ शोधण्यासाठी ज्येनुआईन प्रयत्न करणे अभिप्रेत असते.
- २) किमान पक्षी ७०० बाईट पेक्षा म्हणजे साधारणत: डेस्क्टॉप स्क्रीनवरची प्रत्येक विकिपीडिया ओळीत संदर्भ हवा (यात दोन ते ती छोटी वाक्येही बसू शकतात). तेही जमले नाही तर चार ओळी २८०० बाईट आणि तेही नाही जमले तर ४००० बाईट अदमासे प्रती परिच्छेद संदर्भ असावाच अशी आग्रही भूमिका उचित ठरते. आणि दोन परिच्छेद अदमासे ७००० बाईटनाही आपण संदर्भ देत नसू तर आपण लाईटली घेत आहोत असे समजण्यास हरकत नसावी.
- संदर्भ देण्यासाठी वरील शिवाय अजून काही खूणासांगता येऊ शकतील का ?
- ज्ञानकोशीय लेखकाने स्वत:ची व्यक्तीगत मते टाळायचीच आहेत. इतर लेखकांची स्वत:ची मते लिहिताना -शक्यतो समीक्षीत साक्षेपी असावीत- त्यांचे संदर्भ जोडावेत.
- लेखातील वाक्यात "की","असतो","झाले असते","शक्यता","जातात","काय पण","असून","दिसून","निमित्त","तोडीचे", "उल्लेख .... सापडतो", "होतेच", "होतीच", (समज|मान|सांगित)(ला|ले|ली) जा(तो|ते); (लोक|असं) म्हणतात; अशा वाक्यरचना शब्द आल्यास संदर्भ देण्याचा विचार करावा.
- ख्यात/विख्यात/प्रसिद्ध; "खरोखरीच","मोलाची","ठसा","अढळ","भरीव|उत्तम|नेत्रदीपक|महत्त्वपूर्ण|मोठी कामगिरी|कार्य|योगदान"," पाया घातला" हि विशेषणे टाळायचीच पण जेव्हा वापरावी वाटतात, तेव्हा ते न वापरता संदर्भ शोधून जोडावा हे अधिक उत्तम.
- लेखातील वाक्यात "की","असतो","झाले असते","शक्यता","जातात","काय पण","असून","दिसून","निमित्त","तोडीचे", "उल्लेख .... सापडतो", "होतेच", "होतीच", (समज|मान|सांगित)(ला|ले|ली) जा(तो|ते); (लोक|असं) म्हणतात; अशा वाक्यरचना शब्द आल्यास संदर्भ देण्याचा विचार करावा.
- कॉपीराईट टाळण्यासाठी ईतरांची संपादने केव्हा आणि कशी तपासावीत ?
- संदर्भ नसलेल्या ७००० बाईट पेक्षा मोठ्या संपदनांना लेखाच्या इतिहासात आणि अलिकडील बदल मध्ये दिसणारी सूचनाखूण लावली जाते. त्या शिवाय अशा संपादनातील वाक्ये सलेक्ट करून उजवे क्लिकने किंवा गूगल मध्ये सरळ कॉपीपेस्ट करून इतर वेबसाईट वरून कॉपी पेस्ट केली गेली आहेत का पहावे. कॉपीराईटेड स्रोतातून लेखन कॉपीपेस्ट केले गेले असल्यास संबंधीत सदस्याच्या लेख पानावर साचा लावावा आणि .. साचा अशा लेखातील परिच्छेदावर लावावा.
संदर्भ आणि स्त्रोत
संपादन{{dablink|WP:REF संदर्भ द्या ह्या दुव्याने तुम्हांला इथे आणले असेल, आपण जर ह्या बाबी शोधत असाल तर,विकिपीडिया:संदर्भ संसाधने दालन. संदर्भ कसे द्यायचे हे सोप्या पद्धतीने पहायचे असेल तर, विकिपीडिया:सोपे संदर्भीकरण. इतर ठिकाणी विकिपीडिया वरील लेख संदर्भ म्हणून वापरायचे असतील तर इथे पहा विकिपीडिया:विकिपीडिया संदर्भ म्हणून वापरतानासाचा:Pp-move-indef साचा:Subcat guideline
मजकुराच्या प्रत्येक विधानाला वैध संदर्भ शोधणे. उदाहरणार्थ:
Ritter, Ron. The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 1.
मुख्य नाम विश्वात असलेल्या म्हणजेच पानावरील प्रत्येक विधानाला संदर्भ असणे आवश्यक आहे, त्यातील आव्हान देता येऊ शकणाऱ्या, अतिशयोक्तीपूर्ण विधानांना तर संदर्भ हवेतच. हे संदर्भाविषयीचे धोरण मुख्य नाम विश्वातील सर्व लेख, याद्या, अवतरणे लेखाचे सर्व विभाग यांना लागू आहे. ह्या पानावरील सुचना आणि धोरणे यांच्यामधील गोंधळाच्या परिस्थितीमध्ये धोरणांचा विचार महत्त्वाचा मानला जावा. चित्रांना ही ती विकिवर आणताना संदर्भ देणे आवश्यक आहे, त्याचबरोबर चित्रांना प्रताधिकार मुक्ततेचीही पूर्ण माहिती देणेही बंधनकारक आहे.
संदर्भ कसे टाकावे? : एका लेखामध्ये सर्व संदर्भ एकाच पद्धतीने द्यावेत, जर लेखात आधीच संदर्भ दिलेले असतील तर त्याच पद्धतीने पुढील संदर्भ देण्यात यावेत. जर संदर्भामध्ये संपूर्ण बदल करायचा असेल तर त्याबाबतची चर्चा चर्चा पानावर करून त्याबद्दल एकवाक्यता आल्यावरच संदर्भामध्ये बदल करण्यात यावेत. संदर्भ योग्य पद्धतीने लिहिण्यात यावेत, जेणेकरून संदर्भांविषयीची माहिती स्पष्टपणे योग्य स्वरूपात मांडली जाईल.
संज्ञांचा उपयोग
संपादन- संदर्भ म्हणजे मजकुराच्या शेवटी उल्लेखलेली स्त्रोताविषयीची माहिती जास्तीची माहिती. (ज्यामध्ये प्रकाशन वर्ष, लेखकाचे नाव, लेखाचे/पुस्तकाचे नाव, लेखाचे नाव, दिनांक, आंतरजालावरील दुवा इत्यादी माहितीचा ज्याने स्त्रोतामधील नक्की कोणता भाग मजकुराला पाठिंबा देतो याची माहिती दिली जाते अश्या माहितीचा समावेश होतो.)
- ओळीच्या मध्ये मजकुराच्या शेवटी लिहिली गेलेली माहिती (हा बहुतांशवेळी आकड्यांच्या स्वरूपात लिहिला जातो, पण त्या व्यतिरिक्तही पुस्तकाचे साल, लेखकाचे नाव, पान क्रमांक इ. माहितीही यांमध्ये लिहिली जाते.)
- संदर्भ दिला गेलेल्या स्त्रोताविषयीची पूर्ण माहिती, ज्यामध्ये संदर्भ दिलेला स्त्रोत हा एक विश्वसनीय स्त्रोत आहे हे प्रस्थापित केले जाते.
उल्लेख कोठे व कसे करावे आणि त्याचे प्रारूप
संपादनवाक्यांतर्भूत उल्लेख - ओळीतील संदर्भ
संपादनमजकुराच्या ओळींच्या शेवटी किंवा विधानाच्या, माहितीच्या शेवटी संदर्भ दिला जाणे अपेक्षित आहे. तो पुढीलप्रमाणे दिला जाऊ शकतो, <ref>Smith, John. ''Name of Book''. Oxford University Press, 2011, p. 1</ref>—ह्या संदर्भाने मजकुराला पाठिंबा मिळतो आणि पाठिंबा दिलेल्या स्त्रोताविषयी आवश्यक माहिती लागलीच मिळते. ज्याचा स्पष्ट उद्देश्य मजकुराची वैधता प्रस्थापित करणे हा आहे.जर,मजकूरामधील एखादा शब्द किंवा वाक्प्रचार जर वादग्रस्त आहे असे वाटत असेल तर किंवा आव्हान दिले जाईल असे असेल तर त्याला संदर्भ आवश्यक आहे. जेणेकरून ज्या स्त्रोताने मजकुराला पाठिंबा दिला जातोय तो स्त्रोत प्रस्थापित केला जाईल.
Two styles of inlinठळक मजकूरe citation are टिचकता येणाऱ्या तळटिपा clickable footnotes (<ref> tags, as above) and parenthetical references; the latter would involve adding (Smith 2011, p. 1) in round brackets within the sentence. Both are used on Wikipedia.
The sun is pretty big,[1] but the moon is not so big.[2] The sun is also quite hot.[3]
Notes
- ^ Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
- ^ Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46.
- ^ Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
लघु तळटिपा
संपादन
Many articles use short citations in footnotes, giving the author, year, and page number, such as <ref>Smith 2010, p. 1.</ref> As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section. A full citation is then added in a "References" section. Short citations can be written manually, or by using the {{sfn}} or {{harvnb}} templates. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to highlight the full citation. See the template documentation for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see wikilinks to full references. For a set of realistic examples, see these.
This is how short citations look in the edit box:
The sun is pretty big,<ref>Miller 2005, p. 1.</ref> but the moon is not so big.<ref>Brown 2006, p. 2.</ref> The sun is also quite hot.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 3.</ref>
== Notes ==
{{संदर्भयादी}}
== References ==
*Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American'', 51(78).
*Miller, Edward (2005). ''The Sun''. Academic Press.
This is how they look in the article:
The sun is pretty big,[1] but the moon is not so big.[2] The sun is also quite hot.[3]
Notes
References
- Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).
- Miller, Edward (2005). The Sun. Academic Press.
Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article:
Notes
सूची परिभाषित संदर्भ
संपादन- हे सुद्धा पहा: Help:Footnotes#List-defined references आणि WP:LDR
As of September 2009, the Cite.php extension was modified to support list-defined references. These can be implemented with the |refs= parameter to the {{संदर्भयादी}} template, or by using a pair of HTML tags (<references> and </references>) in place of the <references /> tag. These reduce clutter within articles, by putting all the citation details in the section at the end where the footnotes are displayed. Defined references must be used within the body; unused references will show an error message. Non-list-defined references (ordinary footnote references enclosed with <ref> and </ref> tags) will display as normal along with list-defined ones. As with other citation formats, list-defined references should not be added to articles that already have a stable referencing system, unless there is consensus to do so. When in doubt, use the referencing system added by the first major contributor to use a consistent style.
This is how it looks in the edit box::
The Sun is pretty big,<ref name="Miller2005p23" /> but the Moon is not so big.<ref name="Brown2006" /> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref name="Miller2005p34" />
==References==
{{संदर्भयादी|refs=
<ref name="Miller2005p23">Miller, Edward.''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 23.</ref>
<ref name="Miller2005p34">Miller, Edward.''The Sun''. Academic Press, 2005, p. 34.</ref>
<ref name="Brown2006">Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," ''Scientific American,'' 51(78):46</ref>
}}
This is how it looks in the article:
The Sun is pretty big,[1] but the Moon is not so big.[2] The Sun is also quite hot.[3]
References
अन्वयरहित संदर्भीकरण
संपादन- हे सुद्धा पहा: Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing
In parenthetical referencing, a short citation, such as (Smith 2010, p. 1), is added in parentheses (round brackets) just after the point it is supporting. Several forms of parenthetical referencing are used in Wikipedia, including author-date referencing (APA style, Harvard style, or Chicago style), and author-title or author-page referencing (MLA style or Chicago style). The full citation (Smith, John. Name of Book. Cambridge University Press, 2010) is then added in alphabetical order, according to the authors' surnames, at the end of the article in a "References" section. The inline and full citation may be linked using a template (see linking inline and full citations); as with other citation templates, these should not be added to articles without consensus.
This is how it looks in the edit box:
The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3).
== References ==
*Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51(78).
*Miller, E (2005). ''The Sun'', Academic Press.
This is how it looks in the article:
The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3).
References
- Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).
- Miller, E (2005). The Sun, Academic Press.
पाठ्यस्रोत एकात्मता
संपादनWhen using inline citations, it is important to maintain text-source integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to check that the material is sourced; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without placing its source clearly can lead to allegations of original research, violations of the sourcing policy, and even plagiarism. Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text-source relationships are maintained.
The following inline citation, for example, is not helpful, because the reader does not know whether each source supports the material; each source supports part of it; or just one source supports it with the others added as further reading:
Delia Smith is the UK's best-selling cookery writer.[१][२][३][४]
Where you are using multiple sources for one sentence, consider bundling citations at the end of the sentence or paragraph with an explanation in the footnote regarding which source supports which point; see below for how to do that.
उल्लेखांची बांधणी
संपादन
- हे सुद्धा पहा: Wikipedia:Citation overkill
You can combine or "bundle" citations between one set of ref tags at the end of a sentence or paragraph, along with an explanation in the footnote for which source supports which part of the text. Citation bundling can be done with long or short footnotes, with or without citation templates. It has multiple benefits:
- it helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining text-source integrity;
- it avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;
- it avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.[५][६][७][८]
- it makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.
A simple example of citation bundling:
The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.[1]
Notes
- ^ For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. The Sun. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.
- For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon," Scientific American, 51(78):46.
- For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. The Sun's Heat. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.
In-text attribution
संपादनIn-text attribution is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an inline citation after the sentence. In-text attribution should be used with direct speech (a source's words between quotation marks); indirect speech (a source's words without quotation marks); and close paraphrasing. It can also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism, and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question.
For example:
John Rawls argues that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a veil of ignorance.[९]
When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent neutrality violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Dawkins is the majority view:
Neutrality issues apart, there are other ways in-text attribution can mislead. The sentence below suggests The New York Times has alone made this important discovery:
Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution:
स्रोतरहित लिखाण हाताळतांना
संपादनIf an article is unreferenced you can tag it with the template {{Unreferenced}}, so long as it is not nonsensical or a biography of a living person, in which case request admin assistance.
- If a claim is doubtful but not harmful, use the {{fact}} tag, which will add "citation needed," but remember to go back and remove the claim if no source is produced within a reasonable time.
- If a claim is doubtful and harmful, remove it from the article. You may want to move it to the talk page and ask for a source, unless it is very harmful or absurd, in which case it should not be posted to the talk page either. Use your common sense.
- All unsourced and poorly sourced contentious material about living persons must be removed from articles and talk pages immediately. See Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons and Wikipedia:Libel.
काही सामान्य मार्गदर्शन
संपादनसंदर्भ केव्हा आणि का द्यावेत
संपादन- Cite sources when
- adding or restoring material that is challenged or likely to be challenged,
- quoting someone, with or without quotation marks, or closely paraphasing a source,
- summarizing source material in your own words, in order to give credit to the source of your ideas,
- uploading an image.
- Citing sources
- ensures that content can be checked by any reader or editor, which improves the credibility of Wikipedia,
- shows that your edit is not original research, plagiarism, or a copyright violation,
- ensures that material about living persons complies with the biography of living persons policy,
- helps readers find additional information.
आपण कुठे वाचले आहे ते सांगा
संपादनDon't cite a source unless you've seen it for yourself. Where you want to cite John Smith, but you've only read Paul Jones who cites Smith, write it like this (this formatting is just an example; there are several ways this can be written):
Smith, John. Name of Book I Haven't Seen, Cambridge University Press, 2009, p. 1, cited in Paul Jones (ed.). Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen. Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 2.—
If you first learned of John Smith's book because it was cited in Paul Jones' encyclopedia, but you then actually obtained and read John Smith's book, it is not necessary to give "credit" to any sources, search engines, library catalogs, etc., that led you to Smith's book. You may cite Smith's book directly and solely in that instance.
For a source available in hardcopy, microform, and/or online, omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2d, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as ProQuest, EbscoHost, or JStor (see the list of academic databases and search engines) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the DOI, ISBN, or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. And if the source exists only online, give the link even if access is restricted.
इंग्लिश व्यतिरिक्त स्रोत
संपादनBecause this is the English Wikipedia, English-language sources should be used in preference to non-English language sources of equal caliber and content, though the latter are allowed where appropriate. When quoting a source in a different language, please provide both the original-language quotation and an English translation, in the text, in a footnote, or on the talk page as appropriate, so long as the quotation is not so lengthy that it would violate copyright.
अमराठी स्रोत
संपादनसोयीचे दुवे
संपादनA convenience link is a link to a copy of your source on a webpage provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original publisher's copyright. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable. Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with Wikipedia:Neutral point of view and Wikipedia:Verifiability.
बहुमाध्यमे
संपादनMultimedia material should be referenced just like article text. Citations for a media file should appear on its file page. Image captions should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. If an infobox or table contains text that needs citing, but the box or table cannot incorporate an inline citation, the citation should appear in a caption or other text that discusses the material. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as alt text that are verifiable directly from the image itself. Material that identifies a source (e.g., the caption "Belshazzar's Feast (1635)" for File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg) is considered attribution and normally does not need further citation.
Avoid scrolling lists
संपादनScrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a scroll box, should never be used because of issues with readability, accessibility, printing, and site mirroring. Additionally, it cannot be guaranteed that such lists will display properly in all web browsers. See this July 2007 discussion for more detail.
सामान्य संदर्भ
संपादनA general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not displayed as an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section. They may be found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of using general references is that text-source integrity is lost, unless the article is very short. The sourcing policy, Verifiability, requires inline citations for all quotations, and for anything challenged or likely to be challenged.
A general reference looks like this in the edit box:
The Sun is pretty big, but the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot.
== References ==
*Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51(78).
*Miller, E (2005). ''The Sun'', Academic Press.
This is how it looks in the article:
The Sun is pretty big, but the Moon is not so big. The Sun is also quite hot.
References
- Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", Scientific American, 51(78).
- Miller, E (2005). The Sun, Academic Press.
अंतःस्थापित दुवे
संपादन- हे सुद्धा पहा: Wikipedia:Embedded citations
Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to linkrot. Wikipedia allowed this in its early years—for example by adding a link after a sentence, like this [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html], which looks like this. [१] This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this <ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</ref>.
Embedded links should never be used to place external links in the body of an article, like this: "Apple, Inc. announced their latest product..."
पुढील वाचन/बाह्य दुवे
संपादन"Further reading" or "External links" are used as section headings for books, articles, and websites related to the topic that have not been used as sources.
कोणती माहिती समाविष्ट करावी
संपादन
संदर्भांची शैली व सुसंगती
संपादनThere are a number of citation styles. See here for some examples. They all include the same information, but vary in punctuation and the order of the author's name, publication date, title, and page numbers.
शैली बदल
संपादनAll of the citations within each Wikipedia article should follow a consistent style. The citation style chosen for one article does not have to match the citation style chosen for another article, but within each article, the style used should be consistent. If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow that style.
Do not change the citation style used in an article merely for personal preference or cosmetic reasons. If you think the existing citation system is inappropriate for the specific needs of the article, gain consensus for a change on the talk page before changing it. As with issues of spelling differences, if there is disagreement about which style is best, defer to the style used by the first major contributor. If you are the first major contributor to an article, you may choose whichever style you think best for the article.
- To be avoided unless there is consensus
- Switching between major citation styles, e.g., switching between parenthetical and <ref> tags or between the style preferred by one academic discipline vs. another
- Changing the section heading to or from ==References==, ==Notes==, etc.
- Adding citation templates to an article that already uses one of the citation formats listed in this guideline
- Generally considered to be helpful improvements
- Replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it provides more information to the reader and fights linkrot.
- Replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more information to the reader and helps maintain text-source integrity.
- Imposing one style on an article with incompatible citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the formatting consistent.
उदाहरणे
संपादनपुस्तके
संपादनCitations for books typically include:
- name of the author(s)
- title of the book in italics
- volume when appropriate
- city of publication is optional
- name of the publisher
- year of publication
- chapter or page number(s) where appropriate
- ISBN where available
- Citations for individually authored chapters in books typically include:
- name of author
- the title of the chapter
- name of the book's editor
- name of book and other details as above
- the chapter number or page numbers for the chapter are optional
पत्रिकेतील लेख
संपादनCitations for journal articles typically incतिरपी मुद्राक्षरेlude:
- name of the author(s)
- year and sometimes month of publication
- title of the article within quotation marks
- name of the journal in italics
- volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals)
- DOI and/or other identifiers where available
वर्तमानपत्रातील लेख
संपादनCitations for newspaper articles typically include:
- name of the newspaper in italics
- date of publication
- byline (author's name), if any
- title of the article within quotation marks
- city of publication, if not included in name of newspaper
- page number(s) are optional
संकेतस्थळांची पाने
संपादनCitations for World Wide Web pages typically include:
- name of the author(s)
- title of the article within quotation marks
- name of the website
- date of publication
- page number(s) (if applicable)
- the date you retrieved it (required if the publication date is unknown)
Identifying parts of a source
संपादनWhen citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited. For example, in the case of a book, specify the page number(s). Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change between editions.
दुवे व ओळख क्र.
संपादनA citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source. If you have a URL (webpage) link, you can add it to the title part of the citation, so that when you add the citation to Wikipedia the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable. To do this, enclose the URL and the title in square brackets—the URL first, then a space, then the title. For example:
Carr A, Ory D (2006). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030496 Does HIV cause cardiovascular disease?] ''PLoS Medicine'', 3(11):e496.
For web-only sources with no publication date you should include a "Retrieved" date instead, in case the webpage changes in the future. For example: Retrieved 2008-07-15.
You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation. The ID number might be an ISBN for a book, a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) for an article, or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases, such as a PMID number for articles on PubMed. It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Wikipedia, for example by typing ISBN (or PMID) following by a space followed by the ID number.
If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily reliable): providing an ISBN or OCLC number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, briefly and in context.
उल्लेख साचे आणि साधने
संपादन
- हे सुद्धा पहा: विपी:संदर्भ साचे आणि विपी:संदर्भ साधने
- For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods.
Citation templates are used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged. Templates may be used or removed at the discretion of individual editors, subject to agreement with other editors on the article. Because templates can be contentious, editors should not change an article with a distinctive citation format to another without gaining consensus. Where no agreement can be reached, defer to the style used by the first major contributor.
मेटाडाटा
संपादनCitations may be accompanied by metadata, though it is not mandatory. Most citation templates on Wikipedia use the COinS microformat. Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user, for instance by providing links to their library's online copies of the cited works. In articles that format citations manually, metadata may be added manually in a span, according to the COinS specification; or the templates Template:Citation metadata or Template:COinS can be used.
Citation processing tools
संपादन- Template:Citation/core – a core template used by other citation templates
- User:Citation bot (formerly DOI bot) – a bot that automatically fixes common errors in individual citations, and adds missing fields
- User:CitationTool – a tool for finding article-level citation errors and fixing them. Not currently functional.
- Reflinks adds titles to bare references and other cleanup
Programming tools
संपादन- Wikicite is a free program that helps editors to create citations for their Wikipedia contributions using citation templates. It is written in Visual Basic .NET, making it suitable only for users with the .NET Framework installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the Mono alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available; see the developer's page for further details.
- User:Richiez has tools to automatically handle citations for a whole article at a time. Converts occurrences of {{pmid XXXX}} or {{isbn XXXX}} to properly formatted footnote or Harvard-style references. Written in ruby and requires a working installation with basic libraries.
- pubmed2wiki.xsl an XSL stylesheet transforming the XML output of PubMed to Wikipedia refs.
- RefTag by Apoc2400 creates a prefilled {{cite book}} template with various options from a Google Books URL. The page provides a bookmarklet for single-click transfer.
- wikiciter web interface, does google books, pdf files, beta.
Citation export tools
संपादनYou can insert a link beside each citation in Wikipedia, allowing you to export the citation to a reference manager, such as EndNote. Just copy this code:
importScript("User:Smith609/endnote.js");
to the end of Special:MyPage/monobook.js. Then, save the page and bypass your browser's cache.
मृत दुव्यांना टाळणे व दुरुस्त करणे (Preventing and repairing dead links)
संपादनTo help prevent dead links, persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a digital object identifier (DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also Wikipedia, have permalinks that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider archiving the referenced document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as WebCite (http://www.webcitation.org) are fairly easy to use (see pre-emptive archiving). Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible.
- Confirm status: First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged.
- Check for web archives: Several archive services exist; add one of these URLs if available:
- The Internet Archive and WebCite have billions of archived webpages. See Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine and Wikipedia:Using WebCite.
- The UK Government Web Archive (http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/) preserves 1500 UK central government websites. Note: Most archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with
{{dead link|date=डिसेंबर २०२४}}
- Remove convenience links: If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the URL is not necessary. Simply remove it.
- Find a replacement source: Search the web for quoted text or the article title. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question.
- Remove hopelessly lost web-only sources: If the source material does not exist offline, and if there is no archived version of the webpage (be sure to wait ~24 months), and if you are unable to find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverifiable. If it is material that is specifically required by policy to have an inline citation, then please consider tagging it with
{{citation needed}}. It may be helpful to future editors if you move the citation to the talk page with an explanation.
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हेही पहा
संपादन
- How to cite
- Wikipedia:Verification methods – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles.
- Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style – listing examples of full citations using APA and Harvard referencing techniques.
- Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques.
- Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations – information of additional interest.
- Wikipedia:Citation templates – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials.
- Wikipedia:External links – for information about the External links appendix
- Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts
- Wikipedia:Inline citation
- Wikipedia:Layout#Further reading – for information about the Further reading appendix
- Wikipedia:List of sources
- Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners – a simple practical guide to getting started.
- Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles.
- Citation problems
- Template:Citations missing – template to add where citations are needed
- Wikipedia:A suggested improvement 0001
- Wikipedia:Linkrot – guide to preventing link rot
- Wikipedia:Citation needed – explanation of citation needed template
- Wikipedia:Copyright problems – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately.
- Wikipedia:WikiProject Citation cleanup – a group of people devoted to cleaning citations
- Wikipedia:Bombardment – an essay regarding the overuse of citations
- Wikipedia:Citation overkill – why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing
- Wikipedia:Video links – an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user-submitted video sites
- Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue
Other
- Comparison of reference management software – side-by-side comparison of various Reference management software
टिपणी (Notes)
संपादन- ^ Smith, Jane. Popular Cooks. Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 1.
- ^ Jones, Paul. More popular Cooks. Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 2.
- ^ Doe, John. Cooks Ahoy!. Harvard University Press, 2010, p. 3.
- ^ Doe, Jane. Surely Not More Cooks. Yale University Press, 2010, p. 4.
- ^ Smith, Jane. Could this be the source?. Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 1.
- ^ Jones, Paul. Perhaps this is it. Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 2.
- ^ Doe, John. Or it could be this one. Harvard University Press, 2010, p. 3.
- ^ Doe, Jane. Just one more to check. Yale University Press, 2010, p. 4.
- ^ Rawls, John. A Theory of Justice. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 118ff.
- ^ Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press, 2001, p. 297.
संदर्भ (References)
संपादन- Concordia Libraries (Concordia University). Citation and Style Guides.
- Ritter, R. (2002). The Oxford Style Manual. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198605641
- The Writers' Workshop, Center for Writing Studies. "Citation Styles Handbook: APA", University of Illinois.
- The Writers' Workshop, Center for Writing Studies. "Citation Styles Handbook: MLA", University of Illinois.
- University of Chicago Press. (2003). The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition. ISBN 0-226-10403-6