"असहकार आंदोलन" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक
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[[वर्ग:भारतीय स्वातंत्र्यलढा]]
[[वर्ग:रिकामी पाने]]
{{Use Indian English|date=Jul 2022}}
{{Colonial India}}{{Indian people sidebar|expanded=history}} '''असहकार चळवळ''' ही [[राजकीय मोहीम]] ४ सप्टेंबर १९२० रोजी [[महात्मा गांधींनी]] [[भारतीयांनी|भारतीय]] [[ब्रिटिश सरकारकडून]], त्यांचे सहकार्य मागे घेण्यासाठी सुरू केलेली राजकीय मोहीम होती. [[swaraj|self-governance]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Culture And Heritage - Freedom Struggle - The Non Cooperation Movement - Know India: National Portal of India|url=https://knowindia.gov.in/culture-and-heritage/freedom-struggle/the-non-cooperation-movement.php|access-date=2021-08-11|website=knowindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">"[https://www.britannica.com/event/noncooperation-movement Noncooperation movement]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', December 15, 2015. Retrieved 2021-08-10.</ref><ref name=":1">Wright, Edmund, ed. 2006. "[https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100237329 non-cooperation (in British India)]." ''A Dictionary of World History'' (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192807007.</ref>
This came as result of the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) withdrawing its support for British reforms following the ''[[Rowlatt Act]]'' of 18 March 1919—which suspended the rights of [[political prisoner]]s in [[sedition]] trials,<ref name=Tharoor2003p.26-36/> and was seen as a "''political awakening''" by Indians and as a "threat" by the British<ref name="Wagner2019p.59">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=satya+pal+1919&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS3Jj3xbHkAhVMSsAKHUBWAGoQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=rowlatt&f=false Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919'' (2019) p.59]</ref>—and the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] of 13 April 1919.<ref name="Tharoor2003p.26-36">Tharoor, ''Nehru: The Invention of India'' (2003) p.26-36</ref><ref name="Wagner2019p.243">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bziIDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=satya+pal+1919&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS3Jj3xbHkAhVMSsAKHUBWAGoQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=non-cooperation&f=false Wagner, Kim. ''Amritsar 1919'' (2019) p.243]</ref>
The movement was one of Gandhi’s first organized acts of large-scale ''[[satyagraha]]'' ([[civil disobedience]]).<ref name=":0" /> Gandhi's planning of the non-cooperation movement included persuading all Indians to withdraw their labour from any activity that "sustained the British government and also economy in India,"<ref name=Ghosh2017/> including British industries and educational institutions.<ref name=Ghosh2017>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/gentlemanly-terrorists/reforms-of-1919-montaguchelmsford-the-rowlatt-act-jails-commission-and-the-royal-amnesty/D97CA2DF6D0AEBDD9AD2066DB1504C04/core-reader#|chapter=The Reforms of 1919: Montagu–Chelmsford, the Rowlatt Act, Jails Commission, and the Royal Amnesty|last=Ghosh|first=Durba|title=Gentlemanly Terrorists|date=July 2017|website=Gentlemanly Terrorists: Political Violence and the Colonial State in India, 1919–1947|pages=27–59|doi=10.1017/9781316890806.003|isbn=9781316890806|language=en|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref> Through non-violent means, or ''[[Ahinsa]]'', protesters would refuse to buy British goods, adopt the use of local handicrafts, and picket liquor shops.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=India and the Contemporary World - II Textbook in History for Class X|publisher=NCERT|isbn=978-81-7450-707-5|pages=38|chapter=Nationalism in India|year=2007|chapter-url=https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/jess303.pdf}}</ref> In addition to promoting "self-reliance" by spinning [[khadi]], buying Indian-made goods only, and boycotting British goods, Gandhi's non-cooperation movement called for the [[Khilafat Movement|restoration of the Khilafat]] (Khilafat movement) in Turkey and the end to [[untouchability]]. This resulted in publicly-held meetings and strikes ([[Hartal|''hartals'']]), which led to the first arrests of both Nehru and his father, [[Motilal Nehru]], on 6 December 1921.<ref name=Tharoor2003p.41-42>Tharoor, ''Nehru: The Invention of India'' (2003) p.41-42</ref>
The non-cooperation movement was among the broader [[Indian independence movement|movement for Indian independence]] from British rule<ref name="CulturalIndia">[https://learn.culturalindia.net/non-cooperation-movement-history-causes-result-importance.html Essay on Non-Cooperation Movement : Data Points]</ref> and ended, as Nehru described in [[An Autobiography (Nehru)|his autobiography]], "suddenly" on 4 February 1922 after the [[Chauri Chaura incident]].<ref name=Nehru1936p.81>[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98834/page/n99 Nehru. ''An Autobiography'' (1936). p.81]</ref> Subsequent independence movements were the [[Civil Disobedience Movement]] and the [[Quit India Movement]].<ref name=CulturalIndia/>
Though intended to be non-violent, the movement was eventually called off by Gandhi in February 1922 following the [[Chauri Chaura incident]], in which numerous policemen were murdered by a mob at [[Chauri Chaura]], [[United Provinces (India)|United Provinces]].<ref name=":1" /> Nonetheless, the movement marked the transition of [[Indian nationalism]] from a middle-class basis to the masses.<ref name=":0" />
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