"पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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'''पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र''' म्हणजे प्राचीन [[मानव|मानवी]] [[समाज|समाजाचे]] अध्ययन आहे. ते करण्यासाठी प्राचीन लोकांनी मागे सोडलेल्या अवशेषांचा शोध घेऊन व त्यांचे सखोल निरीक्षण करावे लागते. निरीक्षणातून मिळालेल्या माहितीचे विश्लेषण करतात. त्यासाठी त्या जुन्या कालखंडातील हवामान, भौगोलिक परिस्थिती, ज्ञात इतिहास आणि एकूणच तत्कालीन पर्यावरण विचारात घेतात. यांत अनेक गोष्टींचा अंतर्भाव असल्यामुळे, हे शास्त्र [[विज्ञान]] व [[मानवशास्त्र]] अशा दोन्ही विभागांत समजले जाऊ शकते.

पुरातत्त्वशास्त्रात खालील गोष्टींचा अंतर्भाव होतो. निरिक्षण व सर्वेक्षण, [[उत्खनन]] आणि मिळालेल्या माहितीच्या आधारे उत्खननानंतरचे विष्लेषण. यानंतर पुरातन काळाची अधिक माहिती मिळू शकते. व्यापक अर्थाने, पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र हे परस्परावलंबी शाखांतील शोधांवर अवलंबून आहे. त्या शाखा म्हणजे [[इतिहास]], [[कलेचा इतिहास]], [[वैज्ञानिक शास्त्रे]], [[भूगर्भशास्त्र]],<ref name=Gladfelter1977>Gladfelter (1977)</ref><ref name=Watters1992>Watters (1992)</ref><ref name=Watters2000>Watters (2000)</ref> तसेच [[भाषाशास्त्र]], [[भौतिकशास्त्र]], [[माहिती विज्ञान]], [[रसायन शास्त्र]], [[संख्याशास्त्र]], [[जीवशास्त्र|जीवशास्त्राच्या]] इतर शाखा [[पुरापर्यावरणशास्त्र]](paleoecology), [[paleontology]], [[पुराप्राणिशास्त्र]](paleozoology), [[paleoethnobotany]], व [[पुराजीव शास्त्र]](paleobotany)

 

 

 

{{main|History of archaeology}}

 

 

{{भाषांतर}}

Soon the early archaeologists began to investigate various areas around the world, with the study of ancient [[Aegean civilization]] being stimulated by the excavations of [[Heinrich Schliemann]] at [[Troy]], and of [[Arthur Evans]] at [[Crete]], whilst [[John Lloyd Stephens]] was a pivotal figure in the rediscovery of [[माया सभ्यता]] throughout [[Central America]]. However, the methodologies employed by these archaeologists were highly flawed by today's standards, often having a [[eurocentric]] bias, and many early European archaeologists often relied on [[anthropology|anthropological]] and [[ethnography|ethnographic]] accounts provided by the likes of [[Edward Tylor]] and [[Lewis Henry Morgan]], thereby comparing contemporary "savage" peoples like the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] with the historical peoples of Europe who lived in similar societies.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991#>Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:29)</ref> Soon the new discipline of archaeology spread to [[North America]], where it was taken up by figures like [[Samuel Haven]] and [[William Henry Holmes]], whom excavated ancient Native American monuments.<ref name=Renfrew_Bahn1991#4>Renfrew and Bahn (2004 [1991]:30-31)</ref>

 

 

==सिद्धान्त==

[[पुरातत्त्वशास्त्रीय सिद्धान्त]]

===उद्देश===

 

{{भाषांतर}}

However it is not only prehistoric, pre-literate cultures which can be studied using archaeology, but historic, literate cultures as well, through the sub-discipline of [[historical archaeology]]. For many literate cultures, such as [[Ancient Greece]] and [[Mesopotamia]], their surviving records are often incomplete and invariably biased to some extent. In many societies, literacy was restricted to the [[elite]] classes, such as the [[clergy]] or the [[bureaucracy]] of court or temple. The literacy even of [[aristocracy|aristocrats]] has sometimes been restricted to deeds and contracts. The interests and world-view of elites are often quite different from the lives and interests of the populace. Writings that were produced by people more representative of the general population were unlikely to find their way into [[library|libraries]] and be preserved there for posterity. Thus, written records tend to reflect the biases, assumptions, cultural values and possibly deceptions of a limited range of individuals, usually a small fraction of the larger population. Hence, written records cannot be trusted as a sole source. The material record is closer to a fair representation of society, though it is subject to its own inaccuracies, such as [[sampling bias]] and [[differential preservation]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}}

 

===विविध मार्ग===

त्यांनी "नवीन पुरातत्त्वशास्त्र" प्रस्तावित केले. हे नवे शास्त्र "वैज्ञानिकदृष्ट्या" सक्षम व [[वैज्ञानिक पद्धती]]वरच अवलंबून असून, परीक्षण करून [[कारणमीमांसा]] देणारे होते. त्यापैकी एक भाग [[processual archaeology]] म्हणून ओळखला जाऊ लागला.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

 

<ref name=Shanks_Tilley1987>Shanks and Tilley (1987)</ref><ref name=Shanks_Tilley1988>Shanks and Tilley (1988)</ref><ref name=Shanks1991>Shanks (1991)</ref><ref name=Shanks1993>Shanks (1993)</ref> [[Christopher Tilley]],<ref name=Tilley1993>Tilley (1993)</ref> [[Daniel Miller (anthropologist)|Daniel Miller]],<ref name=Miller_Tilley1984>Miller and Tilley1984</ref><ref name=Miller_etal1989>Miller et al. (1989)</ref> and [[Ian Hodder]],<ref name=Hodder1982>Hodder (1982)</ref><ref name=Hodder1985>Hodder (1985)</ref><ref name=Hodder1987>Hodder (1987)</ref><ref name=Hodder1990>Hodder (1990)</ref><ref name=Hodder1991>Hodder (1991)</ref><ref name=Hodder1992>Hodder (1992)</ref>

ती मोहीम पुढे [[post-processual archaeology]] म्हणून ओळखली जाऊ लागली.

<ref name=Pauketat2001>Pauketat (2001)</ref>

Archaeological theory now borrows from a wide range of influences, including [[evolution|neo-Darwinian evolutionary thought]], [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]], [[postmodernism]], [[Structure and agency|agency theory]], [[Cognitive archaeology|cognitive science]], [[Functionalism (sociology)|Functionalism]], [[Gender archaeology|gender-based]] and [[Feminist archaeology]], and [[Systems theory in archaeology|Systems theory]].

 

== प्रकार ==

 

=== सर्वेक्षण ===

{{main|Archaeological survey}}

[[File:Monte Albán archeological site, Oaxaca.jpg|thumb|[[माँट अल्बान]]चे पुरातत्वशास्त्रिय क्षेत्र]]

<ref name=Willey1953>Willey (1953)</ref><ref name=Willey1968>Willey (1968)</ref> व त्यानुसार प्रत्येक पातळीचे सर्वेक्षण ठळकपणे पुरातत्त्वशास्त्रात समोर आले.<ref name=Billmand_Feinman1999>Billman and Feinman (1999)</ref>

नतोडफोडीच्या पुरातत्त्वशास्त्रातल्या काही प्रकारात,(दिवंगत लोकांसंबंधी काही बाबतीत)स्थळाचा नाश वाचविण्यासाठी, सर्वेक्षण करण्यात येत नाही.

As with other forms of non-destructive archaeology, survey avoids ethical issues (of particular concern to descendant peoples) associated with destroying a site through excavation. It is the only way to gather some forms of information, such as [[Human settlement|settlement patterns]] and settlement structure. Survey data are commonly assembled into [[map]]s, which may show surface features and/or artifact distribution.