"चलचित्र" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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{{भाषांतर}}
'''चलचित्र,चित्रपट,फिल्म्स,किंवा सिनेमा,मुव्हीज.'''
{{Redirect4|Movie|Moving picture|other uses|[[Movie (disambiguation)]], [[Moving Pictures]] and [[Film (disambiguation)]]}}
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[[चित्र:BolexH16.jpg|right|thumb|A [[16 mm film|16 mm]] spring-wound [[Bolex]] H16 Reflex camera, a popular introductory camera in [[film school]]s]]
'''Film{{लेखनाव}}''' encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an [[art]] form, and the [[film industry|motion picture industry]]. Films (also referred to as ''movies'' or ''motion pictures'') are produced by [[recording]] photographic images with [[camera]]s, or by creating images using [[animation]] techniques or [[visual effects]].
{{World Cinema}}
'''Film''' encompasses individual motion pictures, the field of film as an [[art]] form, and the [[film industry|motion picture industry]]. Films (also referred to as ''movies'' or ''motion pictures'') are produced by [[recording]] photographic images with [[camera]]s, or by creating images using [[animation]] techniques or [[visual effects]].
 
Films are [[cultural artifact]]s created by specific [[culture]]s, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them. Film is considered to be an important [[art]] form, a source of popular entertainment and a powerful method for [[documentary film|educating]] — or [[propaganda|indoctrinating]] — citizens. The visual elements of cinema give motion pictures a universal power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbing]] or [[subtitles]] that [[translation|translate]] the dialogue.
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Preceding film by thousands of years, [[Play (theatre)|plays]] and [[dances]] had elements common to film: [[Script (performing arts)|scripts]], [[Set construction|sets]], [[costumes]], [[Filmmaking#Production|production]], [[Film director|direction]], [[actors]], [[audiences]], [[storyboards]], and [[Film score|scores]]. Much terminology later used in film theory and criticism applied, such as [[mise en scene]] (roughly, the entire visual picture at any one time). Moving visual and aural images were not recorded for replaying as in film.
 
[[Anthemius of Tralles]] used an early type of [[camera obscura]] in the 6th century<ref>[[Alistair Cameron Crombie]], ''Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought'',p.205</ref> The [[camera obscura]] was further described by [[Alhazen]] in his ''[[Book of Optics]]'' (1021),<ref name=Wade>{{Citation |last=Wade |first=Nicholas J. |last2=Finger |first2=Stanley |year=2001 |title=The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective |journal=Perception |volume=30 |issue=10 |pages=1157–1177 |doi=10.1068/p3210 |quoteवचन=The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.}}</ref><ref name=Kelley>David H. Kelley, [http://books.google.com/books?id=zNkgyyPr7kwC&pg=PA83&dq=%22book+of+optics%22+alhazen&sig=5JaW0lvoMQ_agCqQt9eHXltUh5g Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy]:
{{quoteवचन|"The first clear description of the device appears in the ''Book of Optics'' of Alhazen."}}</ref><ref name=Steffens>Bradley Steffens (2006), ''Ibn al-Haytham: First Scientist'', [http://www.ibnalhaytham.net/custom.em?pid=673906 Chapter Five], Morgan Reynolds Publishing, ISBN 1-59935-024-6</ref> and later near the year 1600, it was perfected by [[Giambattista della Porta]]. Light is inverted through a small hole or [[lens (optics)|lens]] from outside, and projected onto a surface or screen, creating a moving image, but it is not preserved in a recording.
 
In the 1860s, mechanisms for producing two-dimensional drawings in motion were demonstrated with devices such as the [[zoetrope]], [[mutoscope]] and [[praxinoscope]]. These machines were outgrowths of simple optical devices (such as [[magic lantern]]s) and would display sequences of still pictures at sufficient speed for the images on the pictures to appear to be moving, a phenomenon called [[persistence of vision]]. Naturally the images needed to be carefully designed to achieve the desired effect, and the underlying principle became the basis for the development of film [[animation]].
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