"भाषाशास्त्र" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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{{भाषाशास्त्र}}
 
* खालील भाषांतरात Phonetic आणि Phonology या दोन शब्दांची गल्लत झाली आहे.{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}} येथे {{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}}
'''भाषाशास्त्र''' हे [[विज्ञान|वैज्ञानिकscientific]]<ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|शीर्षक=Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory |आडनाव=Fromkin |पहिलेनाव=Victoria |लेखकदुवा=Victoria Fromkin |सहलेखक=[[Bruce Hayes]]; Susan Curtiss, [[Anna Szabolcsi]], Tim Stowell, Donca Steriade |स्थान=Oxford |प्रकाशक=Blackwell |वर्ष=2000 |आयएसबीएन=0631197117 |पृष्ठ=3}}</ref><ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|शीर्षक=Elements of General Linguistics |आडनाव=Martinet |पहिलेनाव=André |लेखकदुवा=André Martinet |अन्य=Tr. Elisabeth Palmer (Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i.) |स्थान=London |प्रकाशक=Faber |वर्ष=1960 |पृष्ठ=15}}</ref> तर्‍हेने नैसर्गीक [[भाषा|भाषेचा अभ्यास आहे.
 
भाषाशास्त्राच्या संकुचित व्याख्येनुसार,तो म्हणजे,वैज्ञानिक दृष्टीकोनातुन भाषेच्या अभ्यास,परंतु,भाषेस कोणत्याही दिशेतुन पोचल्या जाऊ शकते व पुष्कळ बौद्धिक ज्ञानशाखा त्याचेशी संबंधित आहेत व त्याचे अभ्यासावर प्रभव टाकतात. हे उदाहरणार्थ- हे खुणा व चिन्हांशी भाषा व त्याबाहेरील संबंधित क्षेत्रात सर्व साधारण अभ्यास करणे होय.
'''भाषाशास्त्र''' हे [[विज्ञान|वैज्ञानिकscientific]]<ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|शीर्षक=Linguistics: An Introduction to Linguistic Theory |आडनाव=Fromkin |पहिलेनाव=Victoria |लेखकदुवा=Victoria Fromkin |सहलेखक=[[Bruce Hayes]]; Susan Curtiss, [[Anna Szabolcsi]], Tim Stowell, Donca Steriade |स्थान=Oxford |प्रकाशक=Blackwell |वर्ष=2000 |आयएसबीएन=0631197117 |पृष्ठ=3}}</ref><ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|शीर्षक=Elements of General Linguistics |आडनाव=Martinet |पहिलेनाव=André |लेखकदुवा=André Martinet |अन्य=Tr. Elisabeth Palmer (Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i.) |स्थान=London |प्रकाशक=Faber |वर्ष=1960 |पृष्ठ=15}}</ref> तर्‍हेने नैसर्गीक [[भाषा|भाषेचा अभ्यास आहे.study of [[language|natural language]].<ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|शीर्षक=On Language and Linguistics |पहिलेनाव=Michael A.&nbsp;K. |आडनाव=Halliday |लेखकदुवा=Michael Halliday |सहलेखक=Jonathan Webster |प्रकाशक=Continuum International Publishing Group |वर्ष=2006 |आयएसबीएन=0826488242 |पृष्ठ=vii}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Linguistics and ethnology |journal=Southwestern Journal of Anthropology |volume=4 |pages=140–47 |year=1948 |last=Greenberg |first=Joseph |authorlink=Joseph Greenberg}}</ref> भाषाशास्त्रात अनेक उप-क्षेत्र येतात. यातील एक महत्त्वाचा विभाग हा भाषेच्या बांधणीबद्दलचा अभ्यास([[व्याकरण]]) व अर्थ An important topical division is between the study of language structure ([[grammar]]) and the study of [[Meaning (भाषाशास्त्र)|meaning]] ([[शब्दार्थशास्त्र]] and [[सापेक्ष अर्थछटाशास्त्र]]).{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}. व्याकरण encompasses [[पदरचनाशास्त्र (भाषाशास्त्र)|पदरचनाशास्त्र]] {{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}} (the formation and composition of [[word]]s), [[वाक्यरचना]] (the rules that determine how words combine into [[phrase]]s and [[Sentence (भाषाशास्त्र)|sentences]]) and [[उच्चारशास्त्र]] (the study of sound systems and abstract sound units). [[उच्चारशास्त्र]] is a related branch of भाषाशास्त्र concerned with the actual properties of speech sounds ([[Phone (उच्चारशास्त्र)|phones]]), non-speech sounds, and how they are produced and [[speech perception|perceived]]. Other sub-disciplines of भाषाशास्त्र include the following: [[evolutionary भाषाशास्त्र]], which considers the origins of language; [[ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र]], which explores language change; [[सामाजिक भाषाशास्त्र]], which looks at the relation between linguistic variation and social structures; [[मानस भाषाशास्त्र]].{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}, which explores the representation and functioning of language in the mind; [[चेतन भाषाशास्त्र]], which looks at the representation of language in the brain; [[भाषा प्राप्ती]], which considers how children acquire their first language and how children and adults acquire and learn their second and subsequent languages; and [[discourse analysis]], which is concerned with the structure of texts and conversations, and [[सापेक्ष अर्थछटाशास्त्र]] with how meaning is transmitted based on a combination of linguistic competence, non-linguistic knowledge, and the context of the speech act.
 
भाषाशास्त्राच्या संकुचित व्याख्येनुसार,तो म्हणजे,वैज्ञानिक दृष्टीकोनातुन भाषेच्या अभ्यास,परंतु,भाषेस कोणत्याही दिशेतुन पोचल्या जाऊ शकते व पुष्कळ बौद्धिक ज्ञानशाखा त्याचेशी संबंधित आहेत व त्याचे अभ्यासावर प्रभव टाकतात.[[Semiotics]],{{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}} हे उदाहरणार्थ- हे खुणा व symbolsशी भाषा व त्याबाहेरील संबंधित क्षेत्रात सर्व साधारण अभ्यास करणे होय. [[Semiotics]], for example, is a related field concerned with the general study of signs and symbols both in language and outside of it. [[Literary theory|Literary theorists]] study the use of language in artistic [[literature]]. भाषाशास्त्र additionally draws on work from such diverse fields as [[psychology]], [[speech-language pathology]], [[informatics]], [[computer science]], [[philosophy]], [[biology]], [[human anatomy]], [[neuroscience]], [[sociology]], [[anthropology]], and [[acoustics]].
 
Within the field, ''linguist'' is used to describe someone who either studies the field or uses linguistic methodologies to study groups of languages or particular languages. Outside the field, this term is commonly used to refer to people who speak many languages or have a great vocabulary.
 
== या ज्ञानशाखांची नावे ==
विसाव्या शतकाआधी, "[[philology]]" {{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}}ही संज्ञा,सन १७१६ मध्ये प्रथम निश्चित झाली.<ref name="etymonline philology">[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=philology Online Etymological Dictionary: philology]</ref> was commonly used to refer to the science of language, which was then predominantly historical in focus.<ref>{{Citation |last=McMahon |first=A. M. S. |year=1994 |title=Understanding Language Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=19 |isbn=0-521-44665-1}}</ref> Since [[Ferdinand de Saussure]]'s insistence on the importance of [[synchronic analysis (linguistics)|synchronic analysis]], तसे, हे केंद्र सध्या बदलले आहे.<ref>{{Citation |last=McMahon |first=A. M. S. |year=1994 |title=Understanding Language Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=9 |isbn=0-521-44665-1}}</ref> व "philology" {{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}}ही संज्ञा ही साधारणपणे "study of a language's grammar, history and literary tradition," साठी (अमेरीकेच्या) संघराज्यात सध्या वापरल्या जात आहे.<ref>A. Morpurgo Davies Hist. Linguistics (1998) 4 I. 22.</ref> जेथे ती इतकी प्रसिद्ध नव्हती जितकी इतर ठिकाणी(भाषा-विज्ञान या अर्थाने).<ref name="etymonline philology"/>
 
== प्रमुख शाखा ==
Although the term "linguist" in the sense of "a student of language" dates from 1641,<ref name="etymonline linguist"/> the term "linguistics" is first attested in 1847.<ref name="etymonline linguist">[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=linguist Online Etymological Dictionary: linguist]</ref> It is now the usual academic term in English for the scientific study of language.
भाषाशास्त्र हा मानवी भाषांचे स्वाभाविक वर्णन आणि त्या समजाविण्याबद्दलचा विषय आहे. यासंबंधीच, हे प्रश्न उपस्थित होतात कि भाषांमध्ये वैश्विक असे काय आहे,भाषा कशा बदलतात आणि मानवाने भाषा कशी शिकली? सर्व मानवजात,(काही विशेष अपवाद बाजूस ठेउन) कोणत्याही बोलल्या जाणार्‍या( वा [[खुणांची भाषा|खाणाखुणांच्या भाषेत]] ) वयाने वाढतांना कोणत्याही थोडक्या विशेष सुचनांशिवाय,पारंगतता मिळविते. गैर-मानव हे आपली स्वतःची दळणवळण प्रणाली विकसित करतात. ते या प्रकारे मानवी भाषा घेत नाहीत(हे ही खरे आहे कि,ते भाषेस प्रतिक्रिया देण्यास शिकतात, आणि त्यांना एका विशिष्ट पातळीपर्यंत ती वापरण्यास शिकविल्या जाउ शकते.)<ref>[http://www.santafe.edu/~johnson/articles.chimp.html "Animal Language Article"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> म्हणुन,भाषाशास्त्र हे प्रत्येक आधुनिक मानवाच्या जैवपातळीमुळे,चालण्याच्या पात्रतेसारखीच सहजपणे, भाषा शिकण्याची व वापरण्याची, आंतर्स्फुर्ततेने नैसर्गीक पात्रता असणे होय.
 
== Fundamental concernsमूलभूत..... आणि विभाग ==
भाषाशास्त्र हा मानवी भाषांचे स्वाभाविक वर्णन आणि त्या समजाविण्याबद्दलचा विषय आहे. यासंबंधीच,हे प्रश्न उपस्थित होतात कि भाषांमध्ये वैश्विक असे काय आहे,भाषा कशा बदलतात आणि मानवाने भाषा कशी शिकली? सर्व मानवजात,(काही विशेष अपवाद बाजूस ठेउन) कोणत्याही बोलल्या जाणार्‍या( वा [[खुणांची भाषा|खाणाखुणांच्या भाषेत]] ) वयाने वाढतांना कोणत्याही थोडक्या विशेष सुचनांशिवाय,पारंगतता मिळविते. गैर-मानव हे आपली स्वतःची दळणवळण प्रणाली विकसित करतात. ते या प्रकारे मानवी भाषा घेत नाहीत(हे ही खरे आहे कि,ते भाषेस प्रतिक्रिया देण्यास शिकतात, आणि त्यांना एका विशिष्ट पातळीपर्यंत ती वापरण्यास शिकविल्या जाउ शकते.)<ref>[http://www.santafe.edu/~johnson/articles.chimp.html "Animal Language Article"<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> म्हणुन,भाषाशास्त्र हे प्रत्येक आधुनिक मानवाच्या जैवपातळीमुळे,चालण्याच्या पात्रतेसारखीच सहजपणे, भाषा शिकण्याची व वापरण्याची, आंतर्स्फुर्ततेने नैसर्गीक पात्रता असणे होय. There is no consensus, however, as to the extent of this innate potential, or its domain-specificity (the degree to which such innate abilities are specific to language), with some theorists claiming that there is a very large set of highly abstract and specific binary settings coded into the human brain, while others claim that the ability to learn language is a product of general human cognition. It is, however, generally agreed that there are no strong ''genetic'' differences underlying the differences between languages: an individual will acquire whatever language(s) he or she is exposed to as a child, regardless of parentage or ethnic origin.<ref>Nevertheless, recent research suggests that even weak genetic biases in speakers may, over a number of generations, influence the evolution of particular languages, leading to a non-random distribution of certain linguistic features across the world. ([http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/0610848104v1 Dediu, D. & Ladd, D.R. (2007). Linguistic tone is related to the population frequency of the adaptive haplogroups of two brain size genes, ASPM and Microcephalin, PNAS 104:10944-10949]; summary available [http://www.ling.ed.ac.uk/~s0340638/tonegenes/tonegenessummary.html here])</ref>
 
Linguistic structures are pairings of meaning and form; such pairings are known as [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussurean]] [[linguistic sign|signs]]. In this sense, form may consist of sound patterns, movements of the hands, written symbols, and so on. There are many sub-fields concerned with particular aspects of linguistic structure, ranging from those focused primarily on form to those focused primarily on meaning:.{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
* '''[[उच्चारशास्त्र]]''', the study of the physical properties of speech (or signed) production and perception
* '''[[उच्चारशास्त्र]]''', the study of sounds (or signs) as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's mind that distinguish meaning
* ''' [[पदरचनाशास्त्र (भाषाशास्त्र)|पदरचनाशास्त्र]] '''{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}} , the study of internal structures of words and how they can be modified
* '''[[वाक्यरचना]] ''', the study of how words combine to form grammatical [[sentence]]s
* '''[[शब्दार्थशास्त्र]] ''', the study of the meaning of words ([[lexical शब्दार्थशास्त्र]] ) and fixed word combinations ([[phraseology]]), and how these combine to form the [[meaning]]s of sentences
* '''[[सापेक्ष अर्थछटाशास्त्र]]''', the study of how [[utterance]]s are used in [[speech acts|communicative acts]], and the role played by context and non-linguistic knowledge in the transmission of meaning
* '''[[Discourse analysis]]''', the analysis of language use in [[texts]] (spoken, written, or signed)
 
Many linguists would agree that these divisions overlap considerably, and the independent significance of each of these areas is not universally acknowledged. Regardless of any particular linguist's position, each area has core concepts that foster significant scholarly inquiry and research.
 
Alongside these structurally-motivated domains of study are other fields of linguistics, distinguished by the kinds of non-linguistic factors that they consider:
* [[उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र]] , the study of language-related issues applied in everyday life, notably language policies, planning, and education. ([[Constructed language]] fits under उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र .)
* [[Biolinguistics]], the study of natural as well as human-taught communication systems in animals, compared to human language.
* [[Clinical linguistics]], the application of linguistic theory to the field of [[Speech-Language Pathology]].
* [[गणनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]].{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}, the study of computational implementations of linguistic structures.
* [[Developmental linguistics]], the study of the development of linguistic ability in individuals, particularly [[भाषा प्राप्ती|the acquisition of language]] in childhood.
* [[Evolutionary linguistics]], the study of the origin and subsequent development of language by the human species.
* [[ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र]] or diachronic linguistics, the study of language change over time.
* [[Language geography]], the study of the geographical distribution of languages and linguistic features.
* [[Linguistic typology]], the study of the common properties of diverse unrelated languages, properties that may, given sufficient attestation, be assumed to be innate to human language capacity.
* [[चेतन भाषाशास्त्र]].{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}, the study of the structures in the human brain that underlie grammar and communication.
* [[मानस भाषाशास्त्र]], the study of the cognitive processes and representations underlying language use.
* [[सामाजिक भाषाशास्त्र]], the study of variation in language and its relationship with social factors.
* [[भाषाशैली शास्त्र|Stylistics]].{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.
 
The related discipline of [[semiotics]] investigates the relationship between signs and what they signify. From the perspective of semiotics, language can be seen as a sign or symbol, with the world as its representation.{{citation needed|date=June 2008}}
 
== Variation and universality विवीधता आणि वैश्विकता ==
Much modern linguistic research, particularly within the [[paradigm]] of [[generative grammar]]{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}, has concerned itself with trying to account for differences between languages of the world. This has worked on the assumption that if human linguistic ability is narrowly constrained by human biology, then all languages must share certain fundamental properties.
 
In [[generative grammar|generativist theory]], the collection of fundamental properties all languages share are referred to as [[universal grammar]] (UG). The specific characteristics of this universal grammar are a much debated topic. [[Linguistic typology|Typologists]] and non-generativist linguists usually refer simply to [[linguistic universal|language universals]], or ''universals of language''.
 
Similarities between languages can have a number of different origins. In the simplest case, universal properties may be due to universal aspects of human experience. For example, all humans experience water, and all human languages have a word for water. Other similarities may be due to common descent: the [[Latin language]] spoken by the [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] developed into Spanish in Spain and Italian in Italy; similarities between Spanish and Italian are thus in many cases due to both being descended from Latin. In other cases, [[Language contact|contact between languages]] — particularly where many speakers are bilingual — can lead to much borrowing of structures, as well as words. Similarity may also, of course, be due to coincidence. English ''much'' and Spanish {{lang|es|''mucho''}} are not descended from the same form or borrowed from one language to the other;<ref>''Much'' is from Middle English ''muchel'', which is from Proto-Germanic *''mekilaz''[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=much], while {{lang|es|''mucho''}} is from Latin {{lang|la|''multus''}}[http://www.diclib.com/cgi-bin/d1.cgi?l=es&base=moliner&page=showid&id=54702].</ref> nor is the similarity due to innate linguistic knowledge (see [[False cognate]]).
 
Arguments in favor of language universals have also come from documented cases of [[sign language]]s (such as [[Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language]]) developing in communities of congenitally deaf people, independently of spoken language. The properties of these sign languages conform generally to many of the properties of spoken languages. Other known and suspected sign language [[language isolate|isolates]] include [[Kata Kolok]], [[Nicaraguan Sign Language]], and [[Providence Island Sign Language]].
 
== Structures बांधणी/मांडणी(जडणघडण?) ==
[[चित्र:Ferdinand de Saussure.jpg|thumb|[[Ferdinand de Saussure]]]]
 
It has been perceived that languages tend to be organized around [[grammatical categories]] such as noun and verb, [[nominative case|nominative]] and [[accusative case|accusative]], or present and past, though, importantly, not exclusively so. The grammar of a language is organized around such fundamental categories, though many languages express the relationships between words and वाक्यरचना in other discrete ways (cf. some [[Bantu languages]] for noun/verb relations, [[ergative-absolutive]] systems for case relations, several [[Native American languages]] for tense/aspect relations).
 
In addition to making substantial use of discrete categories, language has the important property that it organizes elements into [[Recursion#Recursion in language|recursive]] structures; this allows, for example, a noun phrase to contain another noun phrase (as in "the chimpanzee's lips") or a clause to contain a clause (as in "I think that it's raining"). Though recursion in grammar was implicitly recognized much earlier (for example by [[Otto Jespersen|Jespersen]]), the importance of this aspect of language became more popular after the 1957 publication of [[Noam Chomsky]]'s book ''[[Syntactic Structures]]'',<ref>Chomsky, Noam. 1957. "Syntactic Structures". Mouton, The Hague</ref> which presented a formal व्याकरण of a fragment of English. Prior to this, the most detailed descriptions of linguistic systems were of phonological or morphological systems.
 
Chomsky used a [[context-free grammar]] augmented with [[Transformational grammar#Transformations|transformations]]. Since then, following the trend of Chomskyan linguistics, context-free grammars have been written for substantial fragments of various languages (for example [[Generalised phrase structure grammar|GPSG]], for English). It has been demonstrated, however, that human languages (most notably Dutch and Swiss German) include cross-serial dependencies, which cannot be handled adequately by context-free grammars.<ref>Carl Vogel, Ulrike Hahn, Holly Branigan 1996, "Cross serial dependencies are not hard to process", Proceedings of the 16th conference on गणनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र - Volume 1</ref>
 
== काही निवडक उप-क्षेत्रे ==
=== ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र ===
{{Main|ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र}}
ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र studies the history and evolution of languages through the [[comparative method]]. Often the aim of ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र is to classify languages in [[language family|language families]] descending from a common ancestor. This evolves comparison of elements in different languages to detect possible [[cognate]]s in order to be able to reconstruct how different languages have [[language change|changed]] over time. This also involves the study of [[व्युत्पत्ती]], the study of the history of single words. ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र is also called "diachronic linguistics" and is opposed to "synchronic linguistics" that study languages in a given moment in time without regarding its previous stages.In universities in the United States, the historic perspective is often out of fashion. ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र was among the first linguistic disciplines to emerge and was the most widely practiced form of linguistics in the late 19th century. The shift in focus to a synchronic perspective started with [[Ferdinand de Saussure|Saussure]] and became predominant in western linguistics with [[Noam Chomsky]]'s emphasis on the study of the synchronic and universal aspects of language.
 
=== Semiotics खाणा-खुणा शास्त्र ===
{{Main|Semiotics}}{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
[[Semiotics]] is the study of sign processes (semiosis), or signification and communication, signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems, including the study of how meaning is constructed and understood. Semioticians often do not restrict themselves to linguistic communication when studying the use of signs but extend the meaning of "sign" to cover all kinds of cultural symbols. Nonetheless semiotic disciplines closely related to linguistics are [[literary studies]], [[discourse analysis]], [[text linguistics]], and [[philosophy of language]].
 
=== वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र आणि भाषा दस्तएवजीकरण and language documentation ===
{{Main|वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र}}
Since the inception of the discipline of linguistics linguists have been concerned with describing and documenting languages previously unknown to science. Starting with [[Franz Boas]] in the early 1900s वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र became the main strand within American linguistics until the rise of formal structural linguistics in the mid 20th century. The rise of American वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र was caused by the concern with describing the languages of indigenous peoples that were (and are) rapidly moving towards extinction. The ethnographic focus of the original Boasian type of वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र occasioned the development of disciplines such as [[सामाजिक भाषाशास्त्र]], [[anthropological linguistics]], and [[भाषाशास्त्रिय मानवशास्त्र]].{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}, disciplines that investigate the relations between language, culture and society.
 
The emphasis on linguistic description and documentation has since become more important outside of North America as well, as the documentation of rapidly dying indigenous languages has become a primary focus in many of the worlds' linguistics programs. Language description is a work intensive endeavour usually requiring years of field work for the linguist to learn a language sufficiently well to write a reference grammar of it. The further task of language documentation requires the linguist to collect a preferably large corpus of texts and recordings of sound and video in the language, and to arrange for its storage in accessible formats in open repositories where it may be of the best use for further research by other researchers.<ref>Himmelman, Nikolaus Language documentation: What is it and what is it good for? in P. Gippert, Jost, Nikolaus P Himmelmann & Ulrike Mosel. (2006) Essentials of Language documentation. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin & New York.</ref>
 
=== उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र ===
{{Main|उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र }}{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
Linguists are largely concerned with finding and [[वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र|describing]] the generalities and varieties both within particular languages and among all language. [[उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र]] takes the result of those findings and "applies" them to other areas. The term "उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र " is often used to refer to the use of linguistic research in language teaching only{{citation needed|date=August 2008}}, but results of linguistic research are used in many other areas as well, such as [[lexicography]] and [[translation]]. "उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र " has been argued to be something of a misnomer{{Who|date=August 2008}}, since applied linguists focus on making sense of and engineering solutions for real-world linguistic problems, not simply "applying" existing technical knowledge from linguistics; moreover, they commonly apply technical knowledge from multiple sources, such as sociology (e.g. conversation analysis) and anthropology.
 
Today, computers are widely used in many areas of उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र . [[Speech synthesis]] and [[speech recognition]] use phonetic and phonemic knowledge to provide voice interfaces to computers. Applications of [[गणनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]] in [[machine translation]], [[computer-assisted translation]], and [[natural language processing]] are areas of उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र which have come to the forefront. Their influence has had an effect on theories of वाक्यरचना and शब्दार्थशास्त्र , as modeling syntactic and semantic theories on computers constraints.
 
Linguistic analysis is a subdiscipline of उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र used by many governments to verify the claimed [[nationality]] of people seeking asylum who do not hold the necessary documentation to prove their claim.<ref name="Linguistic Analysis">{{cite journal | title=Applied Linguistics and Language Analysis in Asylum Seeker Cases | last=Eades | first=Diana | journal=Applied Linguistics | year=2005 | volume=26 | issue=4 | pages=503–526 | doi=10.1093/applin/ami021 | url=http://songchau.googlepages.com/503.pdf}}</ref> This often takes the form of an [[interview]] by personnel in an immigration department. Depending on the country, this interview is conducted in either the asylum seeker's [[native language]] through an [[interpreting|interpreter]], or in an international [[lingua franca]] like English.<ref name="Linguistic Analysis"/> Australia uses the former method, while Germany employs the latter; the Netherlands uses either method depending on the languages involved.<ref name="Linguistic Analysis"/> Tape recordings of the interview then undergo language analysis, which can be done by either private contractors or within a department of the government. In this analysis, linguistic features of the asylum seeker are used by analysts to make a determination about the speaker's nationality. The reported findings of the linguistic analysis can play a critical role in the government's decision on the refugee status of the asylum seeker.<ref name="Linguistic Analysis"/>
 
== वर्णन आणि आदेश ==
''मुख्य लेख: [[वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]], [[आदेशात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]]''.{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
 
भाषाशास्त्र is '''descriptive'''; linguists describe and explain features of language without making subjective judgments on whether a particular feature is "right" or "wrong". This is analogous to practice in other sciences: a [[zoologist]] studies the animal kingdom without making subjective judgments on whether a particular animal is better or worse than another.
 
'''Prescription''', on the other hand, is an attempt to promote particular linguistic usages over others, often favouring a particular dialect or "[[acrolect]]". This may have the aim of establishing a [[Standard language|linguistic standard]], which can aid communication over large geographical areas. It may also, however, be an attempt by speakers of one language or dialect to exert influence over speakers of other languages or dialects (see [[Linguistic imperialism]]). An extreme version of prescriptivism can be found among [[censorship|censors]], who attempt to eradicate words and structures which they consider to be destructive to society.
'''ठळक मजकूर'''
 
== Speech आणि लेखन ==
Most contemporary linguists work under the assumption that [[spoken language|spoken]] (or signed) language is more fundamental than [[written language]]. This is because:
* Speech appears to be universal to all human beings capable of producing and hearing it, while there have been many [[culture]]s and speech communities that lack written communication;
* Speech evolved before human beings invented writing;
* People learn to speak and process spoken languages more easily and much earlier than [[writing]];
 
Linguists nonetheless agree that the study of written language can be worthwhile and valuable. For research that relies on [[corpus linguistics]] and [[गणनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]], written language is often much more convenient for processing large amounts of linguistic data. Large corpora of spoken language are difficult to create and hard to find, and are typically [[transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] and written. Additionally, linguists have turned to text-based discourse occurring in various formats of [[computer-mediated communication]] as a viable site for linguistic inquiry.
 
The study of [[writing systems]] themselves is in any case considered a branch of linguistics.
 
== इतिहास ==
{{Main|भाषाशास्त्राचा इतिहास}}
काही जुन्या भाषेबद्दलच्या घडामोडी,ह्या [[भारत|भारताच्या]] [[लोह युग|लोह युगातुन]] [[संस्‍कृत भाषा|संस्कृत भाषेच्या]] विश्लेषणातुन स्पष्ट केल्या जाउ शकतात.
The [[Pratishakhya]]s (from ca. the 8th century BC) constitute as it were a proto-linguistic ''ad hoc'' collection of observations about mutations to a given [[corpus linguistics|corpus]] particular to a given [[Shakha|Vedic school]]. Systematic study of these texts gives rise to the [[Vedanga]] discipline of [[Vyakarana]], the earliest surviving account of which is the work of {{IAST|[[Pānini]]}} (c. 520 – 460 BC), who, however, looks back on what are probably several generations of grammarians, whose opinions he occasionally refers to. {{IAST|Pānini}} formulates close to 4,000 rules which together form a compact [[सर्जनशील व्याकरण|generative grammar]]{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}} of Sanskrit. Inherent in his analytic approach are the concepts of the [[phoneme]], the [[morpheme]] and the [[root]]. Due to its focus on brevity, his grammar has a highly unintuitive structure, reminiscent of contemporary "machine language" (as opposed to "human readable" programming languages).
 
Indian linguistics maintained a high level for several centuries; [[Mahābhāṣya|Patanjali]] in the 2nd century BC still actively criticizes Panini. In the later centuries BC, however, Panini's grammar came to be seen as prescriptive, and commentators came to be fully dependent on it. [[Bhartrihari]] (c. 450 – 510) theorized the act of speech as being made up of four stages: first, conceptualization of an idea, second, its verbalization and sequencing (articulation) and third, delivery of speech into atmospheric air, the interpretation of speech by the listener, the interpreter.
 
[[Western culture|Western]] linguistics begins in [[Classical Antiquity]] with grammatical speculation such as [[Plato]]'s ''[[Cratylus]]''. The first important advancement of the [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]] was the creation of the [[alphabet]]. As a result of the introduction of writing, poetry such as the [[Homeric poems]] became written and several editions were created and commented, forming the basis of [[philology]] and [[critic]]. The [[sophists]] and [[Socrates]] introduced dialectics as a new text genre. [[Aristotle]] defined the logic of speech and the argument. Furthermore Aristotle works on [[rhetoric]] and [[poetics]] were of utmost importance for the understating of tragedy, poetry, public discussions etc. as text genres.
 
One of the greatest of the [[Greek language|Greek]] [[grammarian]]s was [[Apollonius Dyscolus]].<ref>[http://schmidhauser.us/apollonius/ Apollonius Dyscolus]</ref> Apollonius wrote more than thirty treatises on questions of वाक्यरचना , शब्दार्थशास्त्र , पदरचनाशास्त्र {{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}} , prosody, orthography, dialectology, and more. In the 4th c., [[Aelius Donatus]] compiled the Latin grammar ''Ars Grammatica'' that was to be the defining school text through the Middle Ages.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/342418/linguistics/35072/Greek-and-Roman-antiquity linguistics : Greek and Roman antiquity -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia]</ref> In [[De vulgari eloquentia]] ("On the Eloquence of Vernacular"), [[Dante Alighieri]] expanded the scope of linguistic enquiry from the traditional languages of antiquity to include the language of the day.{{citation needed|date=November 2008}}
 
In the [[Middle East]], the [[Persian language|Persian]] linguist [[Sibawayh]] made a detailed and professional description of [[Arabic language|Arabic]] in 760, in his monumental work, ''Al-kitab fi al-nahw'' (الكتاب في النحو, ''The Book on व्याकरण''), bringing many linguistic aspects of language to light. In his book he distinguished [[उच्चारशास्त्र]] from [[उच्चारशास्त्र]].{{citation needed|date=February 2007}}
 
[[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] noted that [[Sanskrit]] shared many common features with classical [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]], notably verb roots and grammatical structures, such as the [[case system]]. This led to the theory that all languages sprung from a common source and to the discovery of the [[Indo-European]] [[language family]]. He began the study of [[तुलनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]], which would uncover more language families and branches.
 
In 19th century Europe the study of linguistics was largely from the perspective of philology (or ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र). Some early-19th-century linguists were [[Jakob Grimm]], who devised a principle of consonantal shifts in pronunciation – known as [[Grimm's Law]] – in 1822; [[Karl Verner]], who formulated [[Verner's Law]]; [[August Schleicher]], who created the "Stammbaumtheorie" ("family tree"); and [[Johannes Schmidt (linguist)|Johannes Schmidt]], who developed the "Wellentheorie" ("wave model") in 1872.
 
[[Ferdinand de Saussure]] was the founder of modern structural linguistics, with an emphasis on synchronic (i.e. non-historical) explanations for language form.
 
In North America, the structuralist tradition grew out of a combination of missionary linguistics (whose goal was to translate the bible) and Anthropology. While originally regarded as a sub-field of [[anthropology]] in the United States<ref>The "four fields" in American anthropology are [[cultural anthropology]], [[physical anthropology]], [[archeology]] and linguistics.</ref><ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|आडनाव=Kemmer |पहिलेनाव=Suzanne |वर्ष=2008 |शीर्षक=Biographical sketch of Franz Boas |place=Houston |प्रकाशक=Rice University |दुवा=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Found/boasbio.html}}</ref>, linguistics is now considered a separate scientific discipline in the US, Australia and much of Europe.
 
[[Edward Sapir]], a leader in American structural linguistics, was one of the first who explored the relations between language studies and anthropology. His methodology had strong influence on all his successors. [[Noam Chomsky]]'s formal model of language, [[transformational-generative grammar]], developed under the influence of his teacher [[Zellig Harris]], who was in turn strongly influenced by [[Leonard Bloomfield]], has been the dominant model since the 1960s.
 
The structural linguistics period was largely superseded in North America by generative grammar in the 1950s and 60s. This paradigm views language as a mental object, and emphasizes the role of the formal modeling of universal and language specific rules. [[Noam Chomsky]] remains an important but controversial linguistic figure. सर्जनशील व्याकरण gave rise to such frameworks such as [[Transformational grammar]], [[Generative सर्जनशील शब्दार्थशास्त्र]] , [[Relational व्याकरण]], [[Generalized Phrase-structure व्याकरण]], [[Head-Driven Phrase Structure व्याकरण]] (HPSG) and [[Lexical Functional व्याकरण]] (LFG). Other linguists working in [[Optimality Theory]] state generalizations in terms of violable constraints that interact with each other, and abandon the traditional rule-based formalism first pioneered by early work in generativist linguistics.
 
Functionalist linguists working in [[functional grammar]] and [[जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र]].{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}} tend to stress the non-autonomy of linguistic knowledge and the non-universality of linguistic structures, thus differing significantly from the formal approaches.
 
== Schools of study अभ्यासातील विचारप्रणाली ==
There are a wide variety of approaches to linguistic study. These can be loosely divided (although not without controversy) into formalist and functionalist approaches. Formalist approaches stress the importance of linguistic forms, and seek explanations for the structure of language from within the linguistic system itself. For example, the fact that language shows [[recursion]] might be attributed to recursive rules. Functionalist linguists by contrast view the structure of language as being driven by its function. For example, the fact that languages often put topical information first in the sentence, may be due to a communicative need to pair old information with new information in discourse.
 
=== Generative grammar सर्जनशील व्याकरण ===
{{Main|Generative grammar}}{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
During the last half of the twentieth century, following the work of [[Noam Chomsky]], linguistics was dominated by the [[Generative grammar|generativist school]]. While formulated by Chomsky in part as a way to explain how human beings [[भाषा प्राप्ती|acquire language]] and the biological constraints on this acquisition, in practice it has largely been concerned with giving formal accounts of specific phenomena in natural languages. Generative theory is [[Language module|modularist]] and formalist in character. Formal linguistics remains the dominant paradigm for studying linguistics,<ref>{{Citation |last=McMahon |first=A. M. S. |year=1994 |title=Understanding Language Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=32 |isbn=0-521-44665-1}}</ref>, though Chomsky's writings have also gathered much [[Criticism of Noam Chomsky#Criticisms of linguistic writings|criticism]].
 
=== जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र ===
{{Main|जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र}}{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
In the 1970s and 1980s, a new school of thought known as जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र emerged as a reaction to generativist theory. Led by theorists such as [[Ronald Langacker]] and [[George Lakoff]], linguists working within the realm of जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र posit that language is an [[emergentism|emergent]] property of basic, general-purpose cognitive processes, though जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र has also been the subject of much criticism<ref>See Newmeyer 1998, ''Language Form and Language Function'' (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), and Culicover and Jackendoff 2005, ''Simpler वाक्यरचना '' (OUP)[http://books.google.com/books?id=guGeB0PVY8UC&dq=culicover+and+jackendoff+simpler+syntax&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=TAHgun3tyG&sig=O4UWZ-2xt-QupM-psbpmcevM6Nk&hl=en&ei=Mp4dSr6AEYu5_QbI1ryFDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1]</ref>. In contrast to the generativist school of linguistics, जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र is non-modularist and functionalist in character. Important developments in cognitive linguistics include [[cognitive grammar]], [[frame शब्दार्थशास्त्र]] , and [[conceptual metaphor]], all of which are based on the idea that form-function correspondences based on representations derived from [[embodied cognition|embodied experience]] constitute the basic units of language.
 
== हेसुद्धा पाहा ==
{{mainमुख्य लेख|भाषाशास्त्राची रूपरेषा}}
 
* [[List of cognitive science topics|Cognitive science]]{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
* [[Speech-Language Pathology]] [[वाच्य-भाषा रोगनिदानशास्त्र]]
* [[भाषाशास्त्राचा इतिहास]]
* [[आंतरराष्ट्रीय भाषाशास्त्र ऑलिंपीयाड]]
* [[भाषाशास्त्र विभाग यादी|विद्यापीठांचे भाषाशास्त्र विभाग यादी]]
* [[List of summer schools of linguistics|भाषाशास्त्राची उन्हाळी शिबीरे]]
* [[भाषाशास्त्रज्ञांची यादी]]
 
'''अभ्यास क्षेत्र आणि शाखा'''.{{विशीष्ट अर्थ पहा}}
 
[[Anthropological linguistics]], [[Semiotics]], [[Philology]], [[Discourse]], [[Structuralism]], [[Post-structuralism]], [[Cognitive linguistics]], [[Cognitive science]], [[तुलनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]], [[सामाजिक भाषाशास्त्र]], [[Variety (linguistics)|Varieties]], [[Developmental linguistics]], [[Discourse Analysis]], [[वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]], [[Ecolinguistics]], [[Embodied cognition]], [[Endangered languages]].
 
[[भाषाशास्त्राचा इतिहास]], [[ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र]], [[Intercultural competence]], [[Lexicography]]/[[Lexicology]], [[Linguistic typology]], [[Evolutionary linguistics]].
 
[[Articulatory उच्चारशास्त्र]], [[Biolinguistics]], [[गणनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र]], [[Biosemiotics]], [[Articulatory synthesis]], [[Machine translation]], [[Natural language processing]], [[Speaker recognition]] (authentication), [[Speech processing]], [[Speech recognition]], [[Speech synthesis]], [[Concept Mining]], [[Corpus linguistics]], [[Critical discourse analysis]], [[Cryptanalysis]], [[Decipherment]], [[Asemic writing]], व्याकरण Writing.
 
[[न्याय भाषाशास्त्र]], [[Global language system]], [[Glottometrics]], [[Integrational linguistics]], [[International Linguistic Olympiad]], [[भाषा प्राप्ती]], [[Language attrition]], [[Language engineering]], [[Language geography]], [[Metacommunicative competence]], [[Microlinguistics]], [[Natural Language Processing]], [[चेतन भाषाशास्त्र]], [[Orthography]], [[Reading (activity)|Reading]], [[Second भाषा प्राप्ती]], [[Sociocultural linguistics]], [[Stratificational linguistics]], [[Text linguistics]], [[Writing system]]s, [[Xenolinguistics]].
 
== संदर्भ ==
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== लेखात प्रयूक्त संज्ञा ==
{{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}}
=== शब्दाचा विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|प्रयूक्त शब्द || विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा
|-
| 3 || 4
|}
 
== इंग्रजी मराठी <!--विकि--> संज्ञा ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| philology || मराठी
|-
|natural language.|| नैसर्गीक भाषा
|-
|grammar|| व्याकरण
|-
|language structure || भाषा बांधणी
|-
| phrases || वाक् प्रचार
|-
| sentences || वाक्ये
|-
| speech sounds || बोलध्वनी
|-
| phones || उच्चार
|-
| : evolutionary भाषाशास्त्र || उत्कांतीकारक
|-
| discourse analysis || आदानप्रदानाचे विश्लेषण
|-
|Semiotics || खाणा-खुणा ?
|-
| Literary theorists || मराठी
|-
|psychology, speech-language pathology, informatics, computer science, philosophy, biology, human anatomy, neuroscience, sociology, anthropology, and acoustics. || acoustics=ध्वनीशास्त्र,informatics=माहितीशास्त्र, computer science=संगणक विज्ञान, philosophy=तत्वज्ञान, biology=जीवशास्त्र, human anatomy=मानव विच्छेदशास्त्र, neuroscienceमानसविज्ञान, sociology=समाज शास्त्र,
|-
| synchronic analysis, || परस्परावलंबी विश्लेषण
|-
| Fundamental concerns || पायासंबंधित
|-
| explicit conscious instruction || ऊघड जाणीवपूर्वक सूचना|-
| innate || जन्मजात अंगभूत नैसर्गिक
|-
| binary settings|| द्वियंक सेटिंग्स
|-
| cognition || मराठी
|-
| (lexical शब्दार्थशास्त्र ) || मराठी
|-
| (phraseology) || मराठी
|-
| utterances || शब्दोच्चार(तोंडातुन निघालेले आवाज)
|-
|communicative acts, || आदानप्रदानक्रिया
|-
| Discourse analysis, || मराठी
|-
|texts || मजकूर
|-
| Constructed language || बांधलेली(तयार केलेली)भाषा
|-
|Biolinguistics, || जैवभाषाशास्त्र
|-
| Clinical linguistics, || वैद्यकीय भाषाशास्त्र
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| Speech-Language Pathology.|| वाच्य-भाषा रोगनिदानशास्त्र
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|Developmental linguistics,|| विकासविषयक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Evolutionary linguistics || उत्क्रांतीकारक भाषाशास्त्र
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| Language geography, || भाषिक भूगोल
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| Linguistic typology, ||
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| Variation and universality|| पातळीबदल व वैश्विकता
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|Structures || बांधण्या
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|grammatical categories || व्याकरणदृष्टीय वर्गवारी
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| nominative and accusative, || मराठी
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|ergative-absolutive || मराठी
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|tense/aspect relations || मराठी
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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| discrete categories || वेगळी वर्गीकरणे
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| recursive || मराठी
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|Syntactic Structures|| वाक्यरचनेची मांडणी/बांधणी
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| context-free grammar || संदर्भमुक्त व्याकरण(अव्याकरणीक)
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|transformations. || रुपांतरणे
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|comparative method.|| तुलनात्मक पद्धती
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|language families || भाषिय कुटुंबे,भाषिक कुटुंबे
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| cognates || मराठी
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| diachronic linguistics || मराठी
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| synchronic linguistics || मराठी
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| literary studies, discourse analysis, text linguistics, and philosophy of language.|| philosophy of language=भाषेचे तत्वज्ञान
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| anthropological linguistics, || मराठी
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| lexicography and translation. || मराठी
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| Speech synthesis and speech recognition || मराठी
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|phonetic and phonemic knowledge || मराठी
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| machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and natural language processing || मराठी
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| modeling syntactic and semantic theories || मराठी
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|Linguistic analysis || भाषाशात्रीय विश्लेषण
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|native language interpreter, lingua franca l || स्थानिय भाषा विश्लेषक, व्यवहारी भाषा
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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|zoologist || मराठी
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| linguistic standard, || भाषा शास्त्रिय मानके
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| Linguistic imperialism|| मराठी
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| prescriptivism || मराठी
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| censors,|| मराठी
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|Speech || मराठी
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|corpus linguistics || मराठी
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| transcribed || मराठी
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| computer-mediated communication || मराठी
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| verbalization and sequencing (articulation) and third, delivery of speech i|| मराठी
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|interpretation of speech || बोलांचे अर्थबोधन,बोलांचे प्रस्तुतीकरण,(बोल व्यक्त करणे या अर्थाने)
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|the listener, the interpreter || श्रौता व अर्थबोधक
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|Classical Antiquity || मराठी
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| grammatical speculation || व्याकरणीक कल्पना/अटकळी
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| alphabet.|| आद्याक्षर
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| critic. || मराठी
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|dialectics as a new text genre. || मराठी
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|ogic of speech and the argument || बोलांचे तर्कशास्त्र व विधान
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|rhetoric and poetics || यमके आणि कवित्व?
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|treatises || मराठी
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| prosody, orthography, dialectology, || मराठी
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|Grammatica || व्याकरणपुस्तक
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| defining school text || मराठी
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|Eloquence of Vernacular || मराठी
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| traditional languages of antiquity || मराठी
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| verb roots and grammatical structures, such as the case system. || मराठी
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| Indo-European language family. || मराठी
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| perspective of philology || मराठी
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|principle of consonantal shifts in pronunciation || मराठी
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|Grimm's Law || मराठी
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| synchronic (i.e. non-historical) explanations || मराठी
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| language form || भाषा-प्रकार
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| structuralist tradition || मराठी
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|missionary linguistics|| मराठी
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| Anthropology|| मराठी
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|transformational-generative grammar, || मराठी
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| generative grammar || मराठी
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| Transformational grammar, || मराठी
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| Generative सर्जनशील शब्दार्थशास्त्र || मराठी
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| Relational व्याकरण, Generalized Phrase-structure व्याकरण, Head-Driven Phrase Structure व्याकरण (HPSG) and Lexical Functional व्याकरण (LFG). Other linguists working in Optimality Theory state generalizations in terms of violable constraints that interact with each other, and abandon the traditional rule-based formalism first pioneered by early work in generativist linguistics. || मराठी
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| Functionalist linguists working in functional grammar|| मराठी
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|Schools of study || मराठी
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|formalist and functionalist approaches || मराठी
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| linguistic forms || मराठी
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| linguistic system || मराठी
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|recursion || मराठी
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| recursive rules|| मराठी
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|topical information first in the sentence || मराठी
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| to pair old information || मराठी
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| new information in discourse || मराठी
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|generativist school. || मराठी
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|acquire language || मराठी
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|Generative theory is modularist and formalist in character|| मराठी
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| Formal linguistics remains the dominant paradigm for studying linguistics|| मराठी
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|generativist theory|| मराठी
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| theorists || मराठी
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| posit that || मराठी
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| emergent property of basic, general-purpose cognitive processes || मराठी
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| non-modularist and functionalist in character || मराठी
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| cognitive linguistics || मराठी
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|cognitive grammar, frame शब्दार्थशास्त्र , and conceptual metaphor, || मराठी
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| form-function || मराठी
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| representations derived from embodied experience || मराठी
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| basic units of language || मराठी
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
|}
{| class="wikitable"
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| इंग्रजी || मराठी
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|Linguistics|| भाषाशास्त्र
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|Theoretical linguistics ||तात्विक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Generative linguistics|| सर्जनशील भाषाशास्त्र ·
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|Phonology||उच्चारशास्त्र
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|Morphology (linguistics)|| पदरचनाशास्त्र (भाषाशास्त्र)
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|Syntax ||वाक्यरचना
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|Lexis (linguistics) || शब्दसंग्रह सय (भाषाशास्त्र)
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|Semantics ||शब्दार्थशास्त्र
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|Pragmatics||सापेक्ष अर्थछटाशास्त्र
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|Descriptive linguistics|| वर्णनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Comparative linguistics ||तुलनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Etymology||व्युत्पत्ती
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|Historical linguistics ||ऐतिहासिक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Phonetics|| उच्चारशास्त्र
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|Sociolinguistics|| सामाजिक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Applied linguistics || उपयोजित भाषाशास्त्र
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|Cognitive linguistics ||जाणीव भाषाशास्त्र,दखलपात्र भाषाशास्त्र
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|Computational linguistics|| गणनात्मक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Forensic linguistics|| न्याय भाषाशास्त्र,न्यायिक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Language acquisition|| भाषा प्राप्ती,भाषा अधिग्रहण
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|Language assessment ||भाषा मुल्यांकन
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|Language development ||भाषा विकास,भाषिक विकास
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|Language education|| भाषा शिक्षण,भाषिक शिक्षण
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|Linguistic prescription||आदेशात्मक भाषाशास्त्र
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|Linguistic anthropology|| भाषाशास्त्रिय मानवशास्त्र
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|Neurolinguistics{{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}}||चेतन भाषाशास्त्र
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|Psycholinguistics|| मानस भाषाशास्त्र
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|Stylistics (linguistics)|| भाषाशैली शास्त्र
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|History of linguistics ||भाषाशास्त्राचा इतिहास
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|List of linguists|| भाषाशास्त्रज्ञांची यादी
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|Unsolved problems in linguistics ||भाषाशास्त्रातील न सुटलेले प्रश्न
|}
 
{{philosophy of language}}
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{{साचा:सामाजिकशास्त्र शाखा}}
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