मराठी विकिपीडिया

"व्याकरण" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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छो r2.6.1) (सांगकाम्याने वाढविले: kk:Грамматика
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ओळ १:
{{हा लेख|व्याकरण|मराठी व्याकरण}}
{{भाषांतर}}
{{भाषाशास्त्र}}
[[भाषा शास्त्र|भाषाशास्त्रात]] कोणत्याही दिलेल्या [[नैसर्गिक भाषा|नैसर्गिक भाषेत]] '''व्याकरण''' हे [[वाक्य]],[[वाक्प्रचार]] व [[शब्द]] निर्माणाच्या व बांधणीच्या नियमांतर्गत असते.
{{two other uses||the rules of the English language|English grammar|the topic in math, logic and theoretical computer math|Formal grammar}}
{{linguistics}}
[[भाषा शास्त्र|भाषाशास्त्रात]],कोणत्याही दिलेल्या [[नैसर्गीक भाषा|नैसर्गीक भाषेत]] '''व्याकरण''' हे [[वाक्य]],[[वाक्प्रचार]] व [[शब्द]] निर्माणाच्या [[logic]] व बांधणीच्या नियमांतर्गत असते.हा , The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] and [[syntax]], often complemented by [[phonetics]], [[phonology]], [[semantics]], and [[pragmatics]].
 
प्रत्येक भाषेस त्याचे वेगळे व्याकरण असते."इंग्रजी व्याकरण" हे इंग्रजी भाषेतच असलेल्या नियमांचा एक संच आहे."इंग्रजी व्याकरण" हे या नियमांचा अभ्यास वा त्याचे विश्लेषण करणे होय. एखाद्या भाषेच्या व्याकरणाचे वर्णन करणार्‍या [[संदर्भ पुस्तक|संदर्भ पुस्तकास]] [[संदर्भ व्याकरण]] वा निव्वळ व्याकरण असे म्हणतात. A fully explicit grammar exhaustively describing the [[grammaticality|grammatical]] constructions of a language is called a descriptive grammar, as opposed to [[linguistic prescription]], which tries to enforce the governing rules of how a language is to be used.
 
[[Grammatical framework]]s are approaches to constructing grammars. The standard framework of [[generative grammar]] is the [[transformational grammar]] model developed in various ways by [[Noam Chomsky]] and his followers from the 1950s onwards.
 
== इतिहास ==
अठराव्या शतकाच्या उत्तरार्धापासुन व्याकरण हे आधुनिक भाषा शास्त्राचे उभरते नवीन उपक्षेत्र म्हणुन समजल्या जाउ लागले.
{{see|History of linguistics}}
पहिले मुद्देसुद व्याकरणाचे मुळ [[भारत|भारतात]] [[लोह युग|लोह युगात]] [[यास्क]](6th c. BC), [[Panini (grammarian)|पाणीनी]] (4th c. BC) व त्यावरील भाष्यकार [[पिंगल]] (ca. 200 BC), [[कात्यायन]],व [[पातंजली]] (2nd c. BC)यात आहे.
In the West, grammar emerged as a discipline in [[Hellenism (neoclassicism)|Hellenism]] from the 3rd c. BC forward with authors like [[Rhyanus]] and [[Aristarchus of Samothrace]], the oldest extant work being the ''[[Art of Grammar]]'' ({{lang|grc|Τέχνη Γραμματική}}), attributed to [[Dionysius Thrax]] (ca. 100 BC). [[Latin grammar]] developed by following Greek models from the 1st century BC, due to the work of authors such as [[Orbilius Pupillus]], [[Remmius Palaemon]], [[Marcus Valerius Probus]], [[Verrius Flaccus]], [[Aemilius Asper]].
 
[[Tamil language|Tamil]] grammatical tradition also began around the 1st century BC with the [[Tolkāppiyam]].
 
A grammar of [[Old Irish|Irish]] originated in the 7th century with the [[Auraicept na n-Éces]].
 
[[Arabic grammar]] emerged from the 8th century with the work of [[Ibn Abi Ishaq]] and his students.
 
The first treatises on [[Hebrew grammar]] appeared in the [[High Middle Ages]], in the context of [[Mishnah]] (exegesis of the [[Hebrew Bible]]). The [[Karaite]] tradition originated in [[Abbasid]] [[Baghdad]]. The ''[[Diqduq]]'' (10th century) is one of the earliest grammatical commentaries on the Hebrew Bible.<ref>G. Khan, J. B. Noah, ''The Early Karaite Tradition of Hebrew Grammatical Thought'' (2000)</ref> [[Ibn Barun]] in the 12th century compares the Hebrew language with [[Arabic language|Arabic]] in the [[Islamic grammatical tradition]].<ref>Pinchas Wechter, Ibn Barūn's Arabic Works on Hebrew Grammar and Lexicography (1964)</ref>
 
Belonging to the ''trivium'' of the seven [[liberal arts]], grammar was taught as a core discipline throughout the [[Middle Ages]], following the influence of authors from [[Late Antiquity]], such as [[Priscian]]. Treatment of vernaculars began gradually during the [[High Middle Ages]], with isolated works such as the [[First Grammatical Treatise]], but became influential only in the [[Renaissance]] and [[Baroque]] periods. In 1486, [[Antonio de Nebrija]] published ''Las introduciones Latinas contrapuesto el romance al Latin'', and the first [[Spanish grammar]], ''[[Gramática de la lengua castellana]]'', in 1492. During the 16th century [[Italian Renaissance]], the ''Questione della lingua'' was the discussion on the status and ideal form of the [[Italian language]], initiated by [[Dante]]'s ''[[de vulgari eloquentia]]'' ([[Pietro Bembo]], ''Prose della volgar lingua'' Venice 1525).
 
Grammars of non-European languages began to be compiled for the purposes of [[evangelization]] and [[Bible translation]] from the 16th century onward, such as ''Grammatica o Arte de la Lengua General de los Indios de los Reynos del Perú'' (1560), and a [[Quechua]] grammar by [[Fray Domingo de Santo Tomás]]. In 1643 there appeared [[Ivan Uzhevych]]'s ''Grammatica sclavonica'' and, in 1762, the ''Short Introduction to English Grammar'' of [[Robert Lowth]] was also published. The ''Grammatisch-Kritisches Wörterbuch der hochdeutschen Mundart'', a [[High German]] grammar in five volumes by [[Johann Christoph Adelung]], appeared as early as 1774.
 
अठराव्या शतकाच्या उत्तरार्धापासुन व्याकरण हे आधुनिक भाषा शास्त्राचे उभरते नवीन उपक्षेत्र म्हणुन समजल्या जाउ लागले.The Serbian grammar by [[Vuk Stefanović Karadžić]] arrived in 1814, while the ''Deutsche Grammatik'' of the [[Brothers Grimm]] was first published in 1818. The ''Comparative Grammar'' of [[Franz Bopp]], the starting point of modern [[comparative linguistics]], came out in 1833.
 
== व्याकरणांचा विकास ==
सतत वापरामुळे व मानव जनसंख्येच्या अलगीकरणामुळेही , व्याकरणाचा बराच विस्तार झाला. जसेजसे,नियम प्रस्थापित झाले व त्यांचा विकास होउ लागला,व्याकरणदृष्ट्या बरोबर prescriptiveमुद्दयाचा उद्भव होउ शकतो. व्याकरणाचा अभ्यास हा शिक्षणाचा महत्त्वाचा भाग आहे.
{{main|Historical linguistics}}
सतत वापरामुळे व मानव जनसंख्येच्या अलगीकरणामुळेही , व्याकरणाचा बराच विस्तार झाला.
Grammars evolve through usage and also due to separations of the human population. With the advent of written [[Knowledge representation|representations]], formal rules about language usage tend to appear also. Formal grammars are [[codification (linguistics)|codifications]] of usage that are developed by repeated documentation over time, and by [[observation]] as well.जसेजसे,नियम प्रस्थापित झाले व त्यांचा विकास होउ लागला,व्याकरणदृष्ट्या बरोबर prescriptiveमुद्दयाचा उद्भव होउ शकतो. As the rules become established and developed, the prescriptive concept of grammatical correctness can arise. This often creates a discrepancy between contemporary usage and that which has been accepted, over time, as being correct. Linguists tend to believe that prescriptive grammars do not have any justification beyond their authors' aesthetic tastes; however, prescriptions are considered in [[sociolinguistics]] as part of the explanation for why some people say "I didn't do nothing", some say "I didn't do anything", and some say one or the other depending on social context.
 
व्याकरणाचा अभ्यास हा शिक्षणाचा महत्त्वाचा भाग आहे,The formal study of grammar is an important part of [[education]] for children from a young age through advanced [[learning]], though the rules taught in schools are not a "grammar" in the sense most [[linguistics|linguists]] use the term, as they are often [[prescriptive]] rather than [[descriptive]].
 
[[Constructed language]]s (also called planned languages or conlangs) are more common in the modern day. Many have been designed to aid human [[communication]] (for example, naturalistic [[Interlingua]], schematic [[Esperanto]], and the highly logic-compatible artificial language [[Lojban]]). Each of these languages has its own grammar.
 
No clear line can be drawn between syntax and morphology. [[Analytic languages]] use [[syntax]] to convey information that is encoded via [[inflection]] in [[synthetic language]]s. In other words, word order is not significant and [[morphology (linguistics)|morphology]] is highly significant in a purely synthetic language, whereas morphology is not significant and syntax is highly significant in an analytic language. [[Chinese language|Chinese]] and [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], for example, are highly analytic, and meaning is therefore very context&nbsp;– dependent. (Both do have some inflections, and have had more in the past; thus, they are becoming even less synthetic and more "purely" analytic over time.) [[Latin]], which is highly [[synthetic language|synthetic]], uses [[affix]]es and [[inflection]]s to convey the same information that Chinese does with [[syntax]]. Because Latin words are quite (though not completely) self-contained, an intelligible Latin [[Sentence (linguistics)|sentence]] can be made from elements that are placed in a largely arbitrary order. Latin has a complex affixation and simple syntax, while Chinese has the opposite.
 
== Grammar frameworks ==
{{main|Grammar framework}}
Various "grammar frameworks" have been developed in [[theoretical linguistics]] since the mid 20th century, in particular under the influence of the idea of a "[[Universal grammar]]" in the United States. Of these, the main divisions are:
 
* [[Transformational grammar]] (TG)
* [[Systemic functional grammar]] (SFG)
* [[Principles and Parameters|Principles and Parameters Theory]] (P&P)
* [[Lexical functional grammar|Lexical-functional Grammar]] (LFG)
* [[Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar|Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar]] (GPSG)
* [[Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar]] (HPSG)
* [[Dependency grammar]]s (DG)
* [[Role and reference grammar]] (RRG)
 
== शिक्षण ==
{{see|orthography|literacy}}
[[चित्र:World literacy map UNHD 2007 2008.png|right|300px|thumb|Worldwide [[List of countries by literacy rate|literacy rates by country]].]]
[[Prescriptive]] grammar is taught in [[primary school]] ([[elementary school]]). The term "[[grammar school]]" historically refers to schools teaching [[Latin grammar]] to future priests.
 
The [[standard language]] taught contrasts with [[dialect]]s or [[vernacular]]s which may be the objects of study in [[descriptive grammar]] but which are not taught prescriptively. The standardized "[[first language]]" taught in primary education may be subject to [[language politics|political]] controversy, since it establishes a standard defining [[nationality]] or [[ethnicity]].
 
The pre-eminence of [[Parisian French]] has reigned largely unchallenged throughout the history of modern French literature. Standard [[Italian language|Italian]] is not based on the speech of the capital, [[Rome]], but on the speech of [[Florence]] due to the influence Florentines had on early [[Italian literature]]. Similarly, standard [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is not based on the speech of [[Madrid]], but on the one by educated speakers from more northerly areas like [[Castile and León]]. In [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]] the Spanish standard is based on the local dialects of [[Buenos Aires]] and [[Montevideo]] ([[Rioplatense Spanish]]). [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] has two official written standards, respectively [[Brazilian Portuguese]] and [[European Portuguese]].
 
[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] has two standards, ''[[Bokmål]]'' and ''[[Nynorsk]]'', the choice between which is subject to [[Norwegian language struggle|controversy]]: Each Norwegian municipality can declare one of the two its official language, or it can remain "language neutral". Nynorsk is endorsed by a minority of 27% of the municipalities. The main language used in primary schools normally follows the official language of its municipality, and is decided by referendum within the local school district. [[Standard German]] emerged out of the standardized chancellery use of [[Early New High German language|High German]] in the 16th and 17th centuries. Until about 1800, it was almost entirely a written language, but now it is so widely spoken that most of the former [[German dialect]]s are near-extinct.
 
[[Standard Mandarin]] has official status as the standard spoken form of the [[Chinese language]] in the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC), the [[Republic of China]] (ROC) and the [[Singapore|Republic of Singapore]]. Pronunciations of Standard Mandarin is based on the [[Beijing dialect]] of [[Mandarin Chinese]], while grammar and syntax are based on modern [[vernacular Chinese]].
[[literary Arabic|Modern Standard Arabic]] is directly based on [[Classical Arabic]], the language of the [[Qur'an]]. The [[हिन्दुस्थानी भाषा|हिन्दुस्थानी भाषेस]] has two standards, [[हिंदी]] व [[उर्दू]].
 
In the [[United States]], the Society for the Promotion of Good Grammar has designated March 4, 2008 as National Grammar Day.<ref>[http://nationalgrammarday.com/ National Grammar Day]</ref>
 
== व्युत्पत्ती ==
{{see|grapheme}}
The word ''grammar'' derives from [[Ancient Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|grc|γραμματικὴ τέχνη}} (''grammatikē technē''), which means "art of letters," from {{lang|grc|γράμμα}} (''gramma''), "letter", itself from {{lang|grc|γράφειν}} (''graphein''), "to draw, to write".<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=grammar&searchmode=none Online Etymology Dictionary]</ref>
 
== हे ही बघा ==
* [[:वर्ग:Grammars of specific languages]]
* [[Ambiguous grammar]]
* [[Fremdsprachen und Hochschule]]
* [[Government and binding]]
* [[Harmonic Grammar]]
* [[Higher-order grammar]]
* [[Linguistic typology]]
* [[List of linguists]]
* [[Syntax]]
* [[Systemic functional grammar]]
* [[Universal grammar]]
* [[Role and reference grammar]]
 
== नोंदी व संदर्भ ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* American Academic Press, The (ed.). [[William Strunk, Jr.]], et al. ''The Classics of Style: The Fundamentals of Language Style From Our American Craftsmen''. Cleveland: The American Academic Press, 2006. ISBN 0-9787282-0-3.
* Rundle, Bede. ''Grammar in Philosophy''. Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-19-824612-9.
{{refend}}
 
== बाह्य दुवे ==
{{Wiktionary}}
* [http://pt.wikibooks.org/wiki/Grammar:_%C3%8Dndice English Grammar (Gramática da Língua Inglesa)], [[wikibooks|wikibook]] in [[English (language)|English]] and [[Portuguese (language)|Portuguese]]
* [http://www.roadtogrammar.com Online Grammar Practice]
* [http://www.grammarforum.com GrammarForum.com] Free grammar forum for the English and Spanish languages
* [http://www.grammarboard.com GrammarBoard]: a free online grammar community with Grammar Q&A's, ESL, and other help.
* [http://www.grammarguard.org Grammar Guard]: a community of grammarians acting as grammar watchdog.
== हेसुद्धा पाहा ==
[[मराठी व्याकरण]]
== लेखात प्रयूक्त संज्ञा ==
=== शब्दाचा विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|प्रयूक्त शब्द || विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा
|-
| 3 || 4
|}
 
== इंग्रजी मराठी <!--विकि--> संज्ञा ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| इंग्रजी || मराठी
|-
| इंग्रजी || मराठी
|-
| इंग्रजी || मराठी
|-
| इंग्रजी || मराठी
|-
| इंग्रजी || मराठी
|-
| इंग्रजी || मराठी
|}
 
[[वर्ग:Grammar| भाषाशास्त्र]]
[[वर्ग:Fiction]]
[[वर्ग:Linguistics]]
[[वर्ग:Style (fiction)]]
[[वर्ग:Greek loanwords]]
[[वर्ग:Teachable units for language instruction]]
 
[[af:Grammatika]]
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