"अमेरिकन डॉलर" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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छो r2.6.4) (सांगकाम्याने वाढविले: rue:США долар
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ओळ १९:
| बँक = [[फेडरल रिझर्व्ह बँक]]
}}
'''अमेरिकन डॉलर''' ({{lang-en|United States dollar}}; चिन्ह: $) हे [[अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने]] (किंवा [[अमेरिका]]) या राष्ट्राचे अधिकृत चलन आहे. तसेच भारतासह इतर अनेक राष्ट्रांत ते राखीव साठा चलन म्हणूनदेखील वापरले जाते. या चलनाच्या वितरणाचे नियंत्रण [[अमेरिकेची फेडरल रिझर्व|अमेरिकेच्या केंद्रीय रिझर्व बँक]] ([[:en:Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve: इंग्रजी आवृत्ति]]) या संस्थेद्वारा केले जाते. या चलनासाठी '''$''' हे चिन्ह सामान्यतः प्रचलित आहे. तसेच, [[ISO 4217]] ([[:en:ISO 4217|इंग्रजी आवृत्ति]]) प्रणालीनुसार अमेरिकन डॉलरचे चिन्ह '''USD''' असे असून, [[आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधी]] ([[:en:International Monetary Fund|International Monetary Fund: इंग्रजी आवृत्ति]]) प्रमाणे संबोधन '''US$''' असे आहे.
<!--
{| class="toccolours" style="width: 325px; min-width: 7em; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border-collapse: collapse; text-align: center; font-size: 90%; float: right;" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"
|+ <font size="2">'''Contemporary United States Coins and Notes'''</font>
|- style="background: #ccc;"
! width=20% | [[Denomination (currency)|Unit]]&nbsp;($)
! width=40% | Design on [[Obverse]]
! width=40% | Design on Reverse
|-
| colspan=3 style="background: #f0f0f0;" | ''Coins''
|-
| '''[[Penny (U.S. coin)|0.01 (penny, cent)]]''' || [[Abraham Lincoln]] || [[Lincoln Memorial]]
|-
| '''[[Nickel (U.S. coin)|0.05 (nickel)]]''' || [[Thomas Jefferson]] || [[Nickel (U.S. coin)|Westward Journey Commemorative Designs]]
|-
| '''[[Dime (U.S. coin)|0.10 (dime)]]''' || [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] || torch, [[oak]] branch, [[olive branch]]
|-
| '''[[Quarter (U.S. coin)|0.25 (quarter)]]''' || [[George Washington]] || [[Statehood Quarters|Statehood designs]]
|-
| '''[[United States half dollar coin|0.50 (half dollar)]]''' || [[John F. Kennedy]] || [[Seal of the President of the United States|Presidential Coat of Arms]]
|-
| '''[[United States dollar coin|1.00]]''' || [[Sacagawea]] || [[Bald eagle|Eagle]] in flight
|-
| colspan="3" style="background: #f0f0f0;" | ''Federal Reserve Notes''
|-
| '''[[U.S. one dollar bill|1]]''' || [[George Washington]] || [[Great Seal of the United States]]
|-
| '''[[U.S. two dollar bill|2]]''' || [[Thomas Jefferson]] || [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]
|-
| '''[[U.S. five dollar bill|5]]''' || [[Abraham Lincoln]] || [[Lincoln Memorial]]
|-
| '''[[U.S. ten dollar bill|10]]''' || [[Alexander Hamilton]] || [[United States Department of the Treasury|Treasury building]]
|-
| '''[[U.S. twenty dollar bill|20]]''' || [[Andrew Jackson]] || [[White House]]
|-
| '''[[U.S. fifty dollar bill|50]]''' || [[Ulysses S. Grant]] || [[United States Capitol|U.S. Capitol]]
|-
| '''[[U.S. hundred dollar bill|100]]''' || [[Benjamin Franklin]] || [[Independence Hall]]
|}
 
-->
 
[[अमेरिकन डॉलर]] हे [[अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने]] (किंवा [[अमेरिका]]) या राष्ट्राचे अधिकृत चलन आहे. तसेच भारतासह इतर अनेक राष्ट्रांत ते राखीव साठा चलन म्हणूनदेखील वापरले जाते. या चलनाच्या वितरणाचे नियंत्रण [[अमेरिकेची फेडरल रिझर्व|अमेरिकेच्या केंद्रीय रिझर्व बँक]] ([[:en:Federal Reserve|Federal Reserve: इंग्रजी आवृत्ति]]) या संस्थेद्वारा केले जाते. या चलनासाठी '''$''' हे चिन्ह सामान्यतः प्रचलित आहे. तसेच, [[ISO 4217]] ([[:en:ISO 4217|इंग्रजी आवृत्ति]]) प्रणालीनुसार अमेरिकन डॉलरचे चिन्ह '''USD''' असे असून, [[आंतरराष्ट्रीय नाणेनिधी]] ([[:en:International Monetary Fund|International Monetary Fund: इंग्रजी आवृत्ति]]) प्रमाणे संबोधन '''US$''' असे आहे.
 
[[ई.स. १९९५|१९९५]] साली ३८० [[अब्ज]] डॉलर चलनात होते, व त्यापैकी दोन-तृतीयांश हे अमेरिकेबाहेर होते. [[एप्रिल २००४]] च्या अंदाजानुसार, सुमारे ७०० [[अब्ज]] ([http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/20040426/default.htm इंग्रजी बाह्यदुवा]) इतके डॉलर चलनात होते, व तेव्हासुद्धा त्यापैकी सुमारे अर्धे ते दोन-तृतीयांश हे अमेरिकेबाहेर होते ( [http://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/coin/default.htm इंग्रजी बाह्यदुवा]).
Line ६७ ⟶ २६:
 
 
==हे ही पहा==
== टिपा ==
*[[डॉलर]] - निसंदिग्धकरण
<references/>-
The [[colloquialism]] ''[[buck]]'' is द्सफफoften used to refer to a U.S. dollar. This term, dating to the [[18th century]], may have originated with the colonial fur trade. ''Grand'', sometimes shortened to simply ''G'', is a common term for the amount of 1,000 of several currencies, including dollars.
 
==Overview==द्फफफफ
 
The U.S. dollar is most commonly divided into 100 ''[[Cent (currency)|cents]]'' (symbol ¢). In another division, there are 1,000 ''[[mill (currency)|mills]]'' to a dollar; additionally, an amount of ten dollars has been referred to as an ''[[Eagle (coin)|eagle]]''. However, only cents are in everyday use as divisions of the dollar; "eagle" and "mill" are largely unknown to the general public, though mills are sometimes used in matters of [[tax]] levies. When currently issued in circulating form, denominations equal to or less than a dollar are emitted as [[United States coinage|U.S. coins]] while denominations equal to or greater than a dollar are emitted as [[Federal Reserve notes]]. (Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the note form is significantly more common.) In the past, paper money was occasionally issued in denominations less than a dollar ([[Fractional Currency]]) and gold coins were issued for circulation up to the value of twenty dollars.
 
U.S. coins are produced by the [[United States Mint]]. U.S. dollar [[banknote]]s have been printed by the [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing]] for the [[Federal Reserve]] since [[1914]]. They began as [[large-sized note]]s. In [[1928]], they switched to [[small-sized note]]s, for reasons that are yet to be explained.
 
[[चित्र:One US dollar 1917.jpg|thumb|right|280px|One US dollar ([[1917]])]]
 
Notes above the $100 denomination ceased being printed in [[1946]] and were officially withdrawn from circulation in [[1969]]. These notes were used primarily either in inter-bank transactions or by [[organized crime]]; it was the latter usage that prompted [[President]] [[Richard Nixon]] to issue an executive order in 1969 halting their use. With the advent of electronic banking, they became unnecessary. Notes in denominations of $500, $1,000, $5,000, $10,000, and $100,000 were all produced at one time; see [[large denomination bills in U.S. currency]] for details. See [[History of the American dollar]] for more info about the currency's history.
 
== United States coins ==
 
In normal circulation, there are coins in the denominations 1¢ (penny), 5¢ (nickel), 10¢ (dime), 25¢ (quarter), 50¢ (half dollar; uncommon), and $1 (uncommon).
 
[[United States dollar coin|Dollar coins]] have never been popular in the United States. [[Silver dollar]]s were created from 1794 through 1935 with a few short gaps; then a copper-nickel dollar of the same large size was minted from 1971 through 1978. The [[Susan B. Anthony]] dollar coin was introduced in 1979; these proved to be unpopular because they were often mistaken for quarters, thanks to their nearly-equal size, their milled edge, and their similar color. Minting of these dollars quickly stopped, but, as with all past U.S. coins, they remain legal tender. In 2000, a new $1 coin featuring [[Sacagawea]] was introduced, which corrected some of the mistakes of the Anthony dollar by having a smooth edge and a gold color. However, this new coin has failed to achieve the popularity of the still-existing $1 bill and is rarely used in daily transactions. The failure to simultaneously withdraw the dollar bill and weak publicity efforts have been cited by coin proponents as primary reasons for the failure of the dollar coin to gain popular support. As most [[vending machines]] are incapable of making change in [[banknotes]], they are frequently designed to give change in dollar coins and occasionally half-dollar coins.
 
Reaching into the past, the United States has minted other coin denominations since [[1793]]: half-cent, two-cent, three-cent, twenty-cent, $2.50, $3.00, $4.00, $5.00, $10.00, and $20.00. Technically, all these coins are still legal tender at face value, though they are all worth far more to any [[coin collector]].
 
The [[United States Mint]] also produces [[gold]] and [[platinum]] [[bullion]] coins, called "American Eagles", all of which are legal tender though their use in everyday transactions is virtually non-existent. The reason for this is that they are not intended for use in transactions and thus the face value of the coins are much lower than the worth of the precious metals in them. The [[American Silver Eagle]] bullion coin is only issued in the $1 (1 troy oz) denomination. The [[American Gold Eagle]] bulllion coin denominations (with gold content) are: $5 (1/10 troy oz), $10 (1/4 troy oz), $25 (1/2 troy oz), and $50 (1 troy oz). The [[American Platinum Eagle]] bullion coin denominations (with platinum content) are: $10 (1/10 troy oz), $25 (1/4 troy oz), $50 (1/2 troy oz), and $100 (1 troy oz). The silver coin is 99.9% silver, the gold coins are 91.67% gold (22 [[karat]]), and the platinum coins are 99.95% platinum. These coins '''are not''' available from the Mint for indफफस्फफ्ividuals, but must be purchased from authorized dealers. The Mint also produces high quality "proof" coins, intended for collectors, in the same denominations and bullion content, which '''are''' available for individuals. It may be interesting to note that the largest denomation of currency currently printed or minted by the United States is the $100 bill ''and'' the $100 troy ounce Platinum Eagle.
 
== Criticisms of U.S. coins ==
 
Uniquely for a major currency, the value of U.S. coins is not inscribed on them with a number. Instead, the value is written in [[English language|English]] words, presenting potential difficulties for visitors to the country who do not speak the language well. Furthermore, the coins' inscriptions do not follow a consistent pattern of describing the value in cents: "One Cent" (penny), "Five Cents" (nickel) "One Dime" (dime, worth 10 cents), "Quarter Dollar" (quarter, worth 25 cents), and "Half Dollar" (worth 50 cents); knowledge of these terms is required for visitors. (It may also be necessary for visitors to learn the coins' colloquial names.)
 
For historical reasons, the size of the coins does not increase consistently with their face value. Both the one cent (penny) and the five cent (nickel) are larger than the dime, worth ten cents, and the less common 50-cent coin is larger than the recent [[Sacagawea]] and [[Susan B. Anthony]] dollar coins. The sizes of the dime, quarter, and half dollar are holdovers from before 1964, when they were made from 90% [[silver]]; their sizes thus depended upon the amount of silver which cost their respective values, and helps explain why the dime is the smallest of the coins. The current diameter used in dollar coins was introduced after 1964, so their size was not dependent upon silver, and was thus chosen somewhat arbitrarily, with no relation to the Morgan silver dollars of the previous century.
 
== Criticisms of U.S. banknotes ==
 
Despite the relatively late addition of color and other anti-counterfeiting features to U.S. currency, critics hold that it is still a straightforward matter to counterfeit the bills. They point out that the ability to reproduce color images is well within the capabilities of modern color [[Computer printer|printers]], mअफफ्सफ्ost of which are affordable to many consumers. These critics suggest that the Federal Reserve should incorporate [[Holography|holographic]] features, as are used in most other major currencies, such as the [[Canadian dollar]], [[Swiss franc]], and [[euro banknotes]], which are much more difficult and expensive to forge. Another robust technology, developed in [[Australia]] and adopted by several countries, produces [[polymer banknotes]].
 
However, U.S. currency may not be as vulnerable as it is said to be. Two of the most critical anti-counterfeiting features of U.S. currency are the paper and the ink. The exact composition of the paper is confidential, as is the formula for the ink. The ink and paper combine to create a distinct texture, particularly as the currency is circulated. These characteristics can be hard to duplicate without the proper equipment and materials. U.S. notes, however, remain less secure than most other notes, and while a bank might be able to detect fine differences in paper and ink technology, counterfeit notes generally receive far less scrutiny at a point of sale.
 
Critics also note that U.S. bills are often hard to tell apart: They use very similar designs, are printed in the same colors, and are the same size. Advocates for the blind have argued that they should be printed in increasing sizes according to value and employ [[braille]] codes to make the currency more usable by the [[blindness|vision-impaired]], since the denominations cannot easily be distinguished from one another nonvisually. Though some vision-impaired or blind individuals say that they have learned to determine the different denominations by feel, many others rely on currency readers; still others have their bills each folded differently to quickly identify the denomination. This, however, initially requires the assistance of a sighted person and is thus not a complete solution.
 
By contrast, other major currencies, such as the [[euro]] feature notes of differing sizes: the size of the note increases with the denomination and are printed in different colors. This is useful not only for the vision-impaired. They nearly eliminate the risk that, for example, someone might fail to notice a high-value note among low-value ones, a common problem in the United States. Tourists also frequently encounter difficulties with U.S. money, as they are less familiar with the design cues that distinguish the various denominations.
 
Multiple currency sizes were considered for U.S. currency, but makers of vending and change machines successfully argued that implementing such a wide range of sizes would greatly increase the cost and complexity of such machines. Similar arguments were made in Europe prior to the introduction of multiple note sizes, but these arguments were obviously not successful.
 
Alongside the contrasting colors and increasing sizes, many other countries' currencies contain tactile features missing from U.S. banknotes to assist the blind. For example, [[Canadian dollar|Canadian banknotes]] have a series of [[Canadian currency tactile feature|raised dots]] (though not standard braille) in the upper right corner to indicate denomination.
 
Apart from their value in helping users to tell notes apart, the differing sizes of other currency banknotes are a security feature that eliminates one form of counterfeiting to which U.S. currency is prone: Counterfeiters can simply bleach the ink off a low-denomination note, typically a single dollar, and reprint it as a higher-value note, such as a $100 bill. To counter this, the U.S. government has debated making lower-denomination notes slightly smaller than those of higher denomination. Current proposals suggest making the $1 and $5 bills an inch shorter in length and a half-inch shorter in height; however, having two sizes of banknotes but six denominations, rather than incrementally increased sizes, would not eliminate the problem of their usability for the blind.
 
== International use ==
 
[[चित्र:usdollar100front.jpg|200px|right|U.S. $100 note, featuring a picture of [[Benjamin Franklin]].]]
 
A few nations besides the United States use the U.S. dollar ('''USD''') as their official currency. [[Ecuador]], [[El Salvador]], and [[East Timor]] all adopted the currency independently. The former members of the US-administered [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]], including [[Palau]], the [[Federated States of Mअफफफ्द्स्icronesia]] and the [[Marshall Islands]], chose not to issue their own currency after becoming independent.
 
Additionally, the local currencies of [[Bermuda]], [[the Bahamas]], [[Panama]], and a few other states can be freely exchanged at a 1:1 ratio for USD. The currency of [[Barbados]] is similarly convertible at a 2:1 ratio. [[Argentina]] used a fixed 1:1 [[exchange rate]] between the Argentine [[peso]] and the U.S. dollar from [[1991]] until [[2002]]. In [[Lebanon]], one dollar is equal to 1500 Lebanese lira, and is used interchangeably with local currency as a [[de facto]] legal tender. The exchange rate between the [[Hong Kong dollar]] and the United States dollar has also been linked since the early [[1983]] at HK$7.8/USD, and [[Pataca]] of [[Macao]], pegged to Hong Kong dollar at MOP1.03/HKD, indirectly linked to the US dollar roughly at MOP8/USD. The [[renminbi]] used by the [[People's Republic of China]] has been informally and controversially pegged to the dollar since the mid-[[1990s]] at Y8.28/USD. [[Malaysia]] has formally pegged its [[ringgit]] at MR3.8/USD since [[1997]].
 
The dollar is also used as the standard unit of currency in international markets for commodities such as [[gold]] and [[oil]]. Even foreign companies with little direct presence in the United States, such as the European company [[Airbus]], list and sell their products in dollars.
 
At the present time, the U.S. dollar remains the world's foremost reserve currency, primarily held in $100 denominations. The majority of U.S. notes are actually held outside the United States.
According to economist [[Paul Samuelson]], the overseas demand for dollars allows the United States to maintain persistent trade deficits without causing the value of the currency to depreciate and the flow of trade to readjust.
 
Not long after the introduction of the [[euro]] (€; ISO 4217 code EUR) as a cash currency in 2002, the dollar began to steadily depreciate in value on the international scene. After the [[euro]] started to rise in value in March 2002, the U.S. trade and budget deficits continued to increase. By Christmas 2004 the dollar had fallen to new lows against all major currencies, especially its rival the euro. The euro rose above $1.36 /€ (under 0.74 €/$) for the first time in late December 2004, in sharp contrast to its lows in early 2003 (rate of $0.87/€). Beginning in late May into early June though the Dollar rose sharply against the Euro as European states reported stagnation in the overall EU economy and doubts were raised over the EU Constitution which was voted down in two member states: France and The Netherlands. As unemployment rates rise in the Euro zone and economic growth slows the EU may see a drop in the value of the Euro against the Dollar for at least part of 2005 although the Euro is expected to maintain its strength if not in a slightly diminished manner.
 
== Origin of the name ''dollar'' ==
 
The name for the United States dollar comes from the [[Spanish dollar]] (which itself derived from the [[thaler]]). The Spanish dollar was the silver coin widely circulated in the United States during the time of the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Although private banks issued currency that was backed in Spanish dollars, the federal government did not do so until the [[American Civil War]].
 
''For further history of the name, see [[Dollar]].''
 
== The dollar symbol ==
 
Full article: [[Dollar sign]]
 
There are various stories on origin of the "$" sign to represent "dollar." Because the dollar was originally Spanish, some have suggested the 'S' represents 'Spain.' The most widely accepted explanation, according to the [[U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing]], is that "$" is a corruption of the letters "PS" (for '[[peso]]' or '[[piastre]]' - especially the former, as each letter could represent each syllable of "Pe-So") written over each other in Spanish. Eventually, the 'P' was reduced to a vertical line - | - since the hump disappeared into the upper curve of the 'S' anyway. Examination of old manuscripts yields support for this theory. The "$" symbol was widely in used before formal adoption of the Spanish dollar as U.S. currency in 1785.
 
The dollar sign is sometimes written with two vertical strokes. This is probably just a carry-over of the old habit of using three strokes to write the original sign: One stroke for the 'S' (it is physically easier to write the 'S' first, then the 'P'), a second stroke for the vertical line '|,' and then a third stroke for the hump of the 'P.फस्फफस्फ्द्' People in a hurry or who simply do not carry about making a perfectly formed 'P' (especially as the 'hump' ''will'' disappear into the 'S' anyway), probably just made the third stroke a second vertical line.
स्फ्द्सफ्
There are, however, a number of fanciful explanations for the second vertical line - ranging from superimposition of the letters 'U' and 'S' (the bottom of the 'U' disappearing into the buttom curve of the 'S,' effectively leaving two vertical lines that eventually merge into one as the sign '$'), to the very amusing but original idea that the dollar sign with ''two'' vertical lines represents the two pillars of the original Temple of Solomon at Jersusalem. Neither of these stories holds up, however, first because this version of the symbol pre-dates the founding of the United States (whence came the notion of 'U' superimposed over 'S'); and, second, because there is simply no evidence for the theory in the history of the Spanish coin. Rather, this theory seems to trace to the traditions of Freemasonry; and, indeed, some Masonic symbols do appear on U.S. currency - but they did not in 1785.
 
''For further information about the symbol, see [[Dollar]]. See also [[Spanish dollar|Pieces of Eight]].''
 
== Current USD exchange rates ==
[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=AUD&to=USD&submit=Convert AUD] |
[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=CAD&to=USD&submit=Convert CAD] |
[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=EUR&to=USD&submit=Convert EUR] |
[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=GBP&to=USD&submit=Convert GBP] |
[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=INR&to=USD&submit=Convert INR] |
[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=NZD&to=USD&submit=Convert NZD] |
[http://finance.yahoo.com/currency/convert?amt=1&from=BRL&to=USD&submit=Convert BRL] |
[http://www.exchangerate.com Lots of exchange rates]
 
==बाह्य दुवे==
== External links ==
{{कॉमन्स|United States dollar|अमेरिकन डॉलर}}
* [http://www.moneyfactory.com/ US Bureau of Engraving and Printing]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.gov/ अधिकृत संकेतस्थळ]
* [http://www.treas.gov/topics/currency/index.html The U.S. Treasury's Coins & Currency portal]
* [http://www.frbsfnewmoney.orggov/currency/images.htm American Currency Exhibit at the San Francisco Federal Reserve Bankनोटा]
* [http://www.usmint.gov/about_the_mint/CoinLibrary/index.cfm नाणी]
* [http://www.moneyfactory.com/section.cfm/4 U.S. Treasury page with images of all current banknotes]
* [http://www.friesian.com/notes.htm U.S. paper money]
* [http://misyte3.tripod.com/clipart/id47.html Presidential currency]
* [http://www.wheresgeorge.com/ The ''Where's George?'' Currency Tracking Project]
* [http://www.coolnumbers.com Cool Numbers] analyzes patterns of dollar-bill serial numbers and other types of numbers. How cool is your dollar bill?
स्द्फ्
{{US_currency_and_coinage}}
{{AmericanCurrencies}}
 
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[[ro:Dolar american]सद्फ्फ्फ्फ्स्]
 
[[वर्ग:Currency of the United States|Dollar, US]]
[[वर्ग:अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने|डॉलर]]
[[वर्ग:चलने]]