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{{Infobox royalty
| name = Philip II
| image = Alonso Sánchez Coello 002b.jpg
| succession = [[List of monarchs of Naples|King of Naples]]
| reign = 25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598 ({{age in years and days|1554|7|25|1598|9|13}})
| predecessor = [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]
| successor = [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]]
| succession1 = [[List of English monarchs|King of England]] ''[[jure uxoris]]''
| moretext1 = ([[Style of the British sovereign#Styles of English sovereigns|more...]])
| reign1 =25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 ({{age in years and days|1554|7|25|1558|11|17}})
| regent1 = Mary I
| reg-type1 = Co-monarch
| succession2 = [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]]
| reign2 = 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598<br>({{age in years and days|1556|1|16|1598|9|13}})
| predecessor2 = [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]]
| successor2 = [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]]
| succession3 = [[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]]
| reign3 = 1581 – 13 September 1598
| predecessor3 = [[António, Prior of Crato|António]]
| successor3 = Philip II
| spouse = [[Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal|Maria Manuela of Portugal]]<br />[[Mary I of England]]<br />[[Elizabeth of Valois]]<br />[[Anna of Austria (1549-1580)|Anna of Austria]]
| issue = [[Charles, Prince of Asturias]]<br />[[Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain|Isabella Clara Eugenia, Archduchess of Austria]]<br />[[Catherine Michelle of Spain|Catherine Michelle, Duchess of Savoy]]<br />[[Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias]]<br />[[Diego, Prince of Asturias]]<br />[[Philip III of Spain]]
| issue-pipe = more
| issue-link = #Family
| house = [[House of Habsburg]]
| father = [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
| mother = [[Isabella of Portugal]]
| date of birth = {{Birth date|1527|5|21|df=y}}
| place of birth = [[Valladolid]], [[Spain]]
| date of death = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1598|9|13|1527|5|21}}
| place of death = [[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
| place of burial =[[El Escorial]]
}}
 
'''Philip II''' ({{lang-es|Felipe II}}; {{lang-pt|Filipe I}}; {{lang-ca|Felip I}} <!--AS PER MANUAL OF STYLE, BIRTH/DEATH PLACES MUST BE NOT WRITTEN HERE-->; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was [[King of Spain]] (kingdoms of [[Crown of Castile|Castile]], [[kingdom of Navarra|Navarra]], this one disputed by the French and the [[Crown of Aragon]]) and [[King of Portugal|Portugal]], [[King of Naples|Naples]], [[King of Sicily|Sicily]], and, while married to [[Mary I of England|Mary I]], [[King of England]] and [[King of Ireland|Ireland]].<ref>Geoffrey Parker. ''The Grand Strategy of Philip II'', (2000)</ref><ref>Garret Mattingly. ''The Armada'' p. 22, p. 66 ISBN 0-395-08366-4</ref> He was lord of the [[Seventeen Provinces]] from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as [[Duke]] or [[Count]].
 
Also known as '''Philip the Prudent''', he ruled one of the [[List of largest empires|world's largest empires]] which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans.
 
Philip was born in [[Valladolid]], the son of [[Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire]] (who also reigned as [[Charles I of Spain]]) and his consort [[Isabella of Portugal]]. During his reign, [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents.
 
He was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and roundfaced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=James C.|title=Pursuit of Power: Venetian Ambassadors ' Reports on Spain, Turkey, and France in the Age of Philip II 1560 - 1600|publisher=Harper & Row|location=New York|year=1970|pages=81–82}}</ref>
 
==Domestic Policy==
[[File:Bautizo Felipe II grande.jpg|thumb|left|200px|'The Baptism of Phillip II' in [[Valladolid]], Spain. Historical ceiling preserved in Prado Museum.]]
 
After living in the [[Netherlands]] in the early years of his reign,<ref>Parker, Geoffrey. ''The Dutch Revolt''. London: Penguin. p.41.</ref> Philip II decided to return to Spain. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority.
 
Spain was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a federation of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the [[Crown of Castile]]. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies, and his word less effective than that of local lords.<ref>Parker, ''The Dutch Revolt''. p.42.</ref> The [[Kingdom of Aragon]], where Philip was obliged to put down a rebellion in 1591–92, was particularly unruly.
 
He also grappled with the problem of the large [[Morisco]] population in Spain, forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the [[Morisco Revolt]] broke out in the southern province of [[Granada (province)|Granada]] in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs; and Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces.
 
Despite its immense dominions, Spain was a poor country with a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown. Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, the collection of which was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the [[New World]] proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but nonetheless his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy.
 
Philip's reign saw a flourishing of cultural excellence in Spain, the beginning of what is called the [[Spanish Golden Age|''Golden Age'']], creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts.
 
==Economy==
[[File:Philip II.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[Titian|Titian's]] portrait of Philip as prince, aged about twenty-four dressed in a magnificent, lavishly decorated set of armour. The whiteness of his skin corresponds to his white stockings and the greenish golden sheen on his armour. In this way, the prince's pale complexion appears more distinguished.]]
Charles V had left Philip with a debt of about 36 million [[ducat]]s and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened Spain, and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}
 
Spain was subject to different assemblies: the [[Cortes Generales|Cortes]] in [[Crown of Castile|Castile]] along with the assembly in [[Navarre]] and three for each of the three regions of [[Aragon]], each of which guarded their traditional rights and laws inherited when they were separate kingdoms. This made Spain and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France which, while divided by regional states, had a single [[French States-General|Estates-General]]. The lack of a viable supreme assembly would lead to power being concentrated in Philip's hands, but this was made necessary by the constant conflict between different authorities that required his direct intervention as the final arbiter. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying-out crown instructions. Philip felt it necessary to be involved in the detail and presided over specialized councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition. He played royal bureaucrats against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs in an inefficient manner, sometimes damaging state business, such as the [[Antonio Perez|Perez affair]]. Calls to move the capital to [[Lisbon]] from the Castilian stronghold of [[Madrid]] &mdash; the new capital Philip established following the move from [[Valladolid]] &mdash; could have led to a degree of decentralization, but Philip opposed such efforts. Because of the inefficiencies of the Spanish state, industry was overburdened by government regulations, though this was common to many contemporary countries. The dispersal of the Moriscos from [[Granada]] - motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion - had serious negative economic effects, particularly in that region.
 
[[Price Revolution|Inflation]] throughout Europe in the sixteenth century was a broad and complex phenomenon, with the flood of bullion from the Americas arguably being the main cause of it in Spain, along with population growth, and government spending.<ref>Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century, T. A. Morris, 1998, p.121-122</ref><ref>A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day, Glyn Davies, rev. ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996. p211-217. ISBN 0 7083 1351 5</ref> Under Philip's reign, Spain saw a fivefold increase in prices.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} Because of inflation and a high tax burden for Spanish manufacturers and merchants, Spanish industry was harmed and much of Spain’s wealth was spent on imported manufactured goods by an opulent, status-oriented aristocracy and wars. Increasingly the country became dependent on the revenues flowing in from the mercantile empire in the Americas, leading to Spain's first [[bankrupt]]cy ([[Debt moratorium|moratorium]]) in 1557 due to rising military costs. Dependence on sales taxes from Castile and the Netherlands, Spain's tax base, was too narrow to support Philip's plans. Philip became increasingly dependent on loans from foreign bankers, particularly in [[Genoa]] and [[Augsburg]]. By the end of his reign, interest payments on these loans alone accounted for 40% of state revenue.
 
==Foreign policy==
Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic self-interest. He considered himself by default the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman Turks]] and against the forces to fight on every front at whatever cost rather than countenance freedom of worship within his territories.<ref>Aof the [[Protestant Reformation]]. He never relented from his war against what he regarded as [[heresy]], preferring s Philip wrote in 1566 to [[Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens|Luis de Requesens]]: "You can assure his Holiness that rather than suffer the least injury to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and a hundred lives if I had them, for I do not intend to rule over heretics." {{Harvnb|Pettegree|p=214}}.</ref> These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the [[Revolt of the Netherlands]] in 1568, Philip waged a bitter campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It dragged in the English and the French and expanded into the German Rhineland, with the devastating [[Cologne War]] and lasted for the rest of his life.
 
In 1588 the English defeated Philip's [[Spanish Armada]], thwarting his planned invasion of the country. But the war would continue for the next sixteen years, and itself be linked to a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the [[Low Countries]]. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Lepanto]] in 1571, with the allied fleet of the [[Holy League (1571)|Holy League]], which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, [[John of Austria]]. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of [[Iberian Union|Portugal]].
 
==Ottoman-Habsburg conflict==
{{further|[[Ottoman-Habsburg wars]]}}
[[File:Bandera del Imperio Español durante Felipe II.svg|thumb|left|215px|Flag of Spanish armies under Philip II.]]
 
In the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy.
 
In 1558 Turkish admiral [[Piyale Pasha]] captured the [[Balearic Islands]], especially inflicting great damage on [[Minorca]] and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against [[Barbarossa Khair ad Din Pasha|Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha]] in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely Spain and [[Venice]], became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people.
 
In 1560 Philip II organized a ''Holy League'' between Spain and the [[Republic of Venice]], the [[Republic of Genoa]], the [[Papal States]], the [[Duchy of Savoy]] and the [[Knights of Malta]]. The joint fleet was assembled at [[Messina]] and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of [[Giovanni Andrea Doria]], nephew of the famous Genoese admiral [[Andrea Doria]].
 
On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of [[Djerba]] which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between [[Algiers]] and [[Tripoli]]. As a response, [[Suleiman I|Suleiman the Magnificent]] sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of [[Piyale Pasha]], which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and [[Turgut Reis]] (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) had an overwhelming victory at the [[Battle of Djerba]]. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria could barely escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. Alvaro de Sande, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by [[Turgut Reis]]. In 1565 the Ottomans sent [[Siege of Malta|a large expedition to Malta]], which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking some of them. The Spanish sent a small relief force, which drove the Ottoman army, exhausted from a long siege, away from the island.
 
The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571, by the Holy League under the command of Philip's half brother, [[Don John of Austria|Don Juan of Austria]]. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, reconquered Tunis from the Ottomans in 1573. However, the Turks soon rebuilt their fleet and in 1574 [[Uluj Ali|Uluç Ali Reis]] managed to recapture [[Tunis]] with a force of 250 galleys and a siege which lasted 40 days. However, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of complete Ottoman control of that sea.
 
In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans.
 
==Revolt in the Netherlands==
{{Main| Dutch Revolt}}
 
Philip's rule in the seventeen separate provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties; this led to open warfare in 1568.
 
Philip insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over a fortnight ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the [[Dutch Revolt#1566 — Iconoclasm and repression|Iconoclast Fury]]; in response to growing heresy, the Duke of Alba's army went offensive, further alienating the local aristocracy. In 1572 a prominent member of the Dutch aristocracy, [[William the Silent]], invaded the Netherlands, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, [[Holland]] and [[Zeeland]].
 
The [[States-General of the Netherlands|States-General]] of the Dutch provinces, united in the 1579 [[Union of Utrecht]], passed an [[Act of Abjuration]] declaring that they no longer recognized Philip as their king. The southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule.
 
The rebel leader, [[Prince of Orange]] (William the Silent) was assassinated in 1584 by Balthasar Gérard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a "pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race".
 
The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son [[Maurice of Nassau]], who received help from [[Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles.
 
==King of Portugal==
{{Main|Iberian Union}}
[[File:Philip II's realms in 1598.png|thumb|right|Map of the Spanish-Portuguese Empire in 1598.
{{legend|#008000|[[Council of Castile]]}}
{{legend|#f5ab12|[[Council of Aragon]]}}
{{legend|#0000ff|[[Council of Portugal]]}}
{{legend|#800000|[[Council of Italia]]}}
{{legend|#ff0000|[[Council of the Indies]]}}]]
In 1578 young king [[Sebastian of Portugal]] died at the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]] without an heir, triggering a [[1580 Portuguese succession crisis|succession crisis]]. Three grandchildren of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] claimed the throne: [[Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza]], [[António, Prior of Crato]], and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed [[King of Portugal]] in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to Spain and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry.
Philip II marched then into Portugal and defeated the troops of Prior of Crato in the [[Battle of Alcântara (1580)|Battle of Alcântara]]. The troops commanded by the 3rd [[Duke of Alba]], arrived in Lisbon.<ref>Geoffrey Parker ''The army of Flanders and the Spanish road'', London, 1972 ISBN 0-521-08462-8, p. 35</ref> and imposed subjection of Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure.<ref>[[Henry Kamen]], ''The duke of Alba'' (New Haven–London: Yale University Press, 2004), Pp. x + 204.</ref> Philip II of Spain was crowned Philip I of Portugal in 1581 (recognized as king by the Cortes of [[Tomar]]) and a sixty year [[personal union]] under the rule of [[Portuguese House of Habsburg]] began. When Philip left to Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria|Albert of Austria]] his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advice him on Portuguese affairs, giving excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government.
 
==Relations with England and Ireland==
===King of England and Ireland===
{{further|[[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)]]}}
[[File:Portrait of King Philip II of Spain, in Gold-Embroidered Costume with Order of the Golden Fleece.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Portrait of Philip II by [[Titian]], c.1554.]]
Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year old Queen [[Mary I of England]]. In order to elevate Philip to Mary's rank, his father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]], to him.
 
Their marriage at [[Winchester Cathedral]] on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain. This fear may have arisen from the fact that Mary was &ndash; excluding the brief, unsuccessful and controversial reigns of [[Lady Jane Grey]] and [[Empress Matilda]] &ndash; England's first [[queen regnant]].
 
Under the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including [[Act of Parliament|Acts of Parliament]], were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace’s realms and dominions."<ref>[http://rbsche.people.wm.edu/H111_doc_marriageofqueenmary.html 1 Mar. stat. 2 c. 2]</ref> In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.<ref name=Montrose>Louis Adrian Montrose, ''The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation'', University of Chicago Press, 2006</ref> As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.<ref name=Montrose/><ref name=Pollard>A. F. Pollard, ''The History of England - From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547-1603)'', READ BOOKS, 2007</ref><ref name=Groot>Wim de Groot, ''The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557)'', Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005</ref>
 
[[File:Felipe of Spain and MariaTudor.jpg|thumb|right|Philip and Mary I of England, 1558]]
 
Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in Ireland<ref name=Edwards>Robert Dudley Edwards, ''Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilization'', Taylor & Francis, 1977</ref> and England.<ref>[[Treason Act 1554]]</ref> Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together.<ref name=Montrose/> The [[coat of arms of England]] was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.<ref name=Marks>Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; ''British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800''; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978</ref><ref name=ANA>American Numismatic Association, ''The Numismatist'', American Numismatic Association, 1971</ref>
 
Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of [[Crown of Ireland Act 1542|King of Ireland]] was created in 1542 by Henry VIII after he was excommunicated, so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, [[Pope Paul IV]] rectified this by issuing a [[papal bull]] recognizing Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.<ref>[http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/ireland_docs.htm#bull1555 Text of 1555 Bull]</ref> Their joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: ''Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol''. Mary not only became Queen Consort of Spain but also "Queen of the Spanish East and West Indies and of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea".
 
However, they had no children; Queen Mary I, or "Bloody Mary" as she came to be known in English Protestant lore, died in 1558 before the union could revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in England. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne and ceased being King of England and Ireland. During their joint reign, when they attacked the French against their marriage treaty as composed by Parliament, [[Calais]] was lost to England forever.
 
As King of Ireland [[County Offaly|King's County]] and [[Daingean|Philipstown]] were named after him in 1556.
 
===After Mary I's death===
Upon Mary's death, the throne went to [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]] I. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a [[House of Valois|Valois]] alliance. Elizabeth was the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and [[Anne Boleyn]]. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics who did not recognize Henry's divorce and who claimed that [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], the Catholic great granddaughter of [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]], was the legitimate heir to the throne.
 
For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and had even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of piracy against Spanish trade and threatened to plunder the great Spanish treasure ships coming from the new world. English ships went so far as to attack a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the [[Treaty of Nonsuch]] signed by Elizabeth in 1585 - promising troops and supplies to the rebels. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England.
{{House of Habsburg since Philip II}}
The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England, with vague plans to return England to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the [[Spanish Armada]], to rendezvous with the [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Duke of Parma]]'s army and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English navy; it was by no means a slaughter, but the Spanish were forced into a disastrous retreat.
[[File:Philip II of Spain by Antonio Moro.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Philip, in the prime of his life, by Giacomo Antonio Moro]]
 
Eventually, three more Armadas were assembled; two were sent to England in 1596 and 1597, but both also failed; the third (1599) was diverted to the Azores and Canary Islands to fend off raids. This [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585)|Anglo-Spanish War]] (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead.
 
The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the retreating armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. Many Spaniards blamed the admiral of the armada for its failure, but Philip, despite his complaint that he had sent his ships to fight the English, not the elements, was not among them. A year later, Philip remarked:
 
{{Cquote|It is impiety, and almost blasphemy to presume to know the will of God. It comes from the sin of pride, Even kings, Brother Nicholas, must submit to being used by God's will without knowing what it is. They must never seek to use it.|4=Philip II}}
 
The Spanish navy was rebuilt, and intelligence networks were improved. A measure of the character of Philip can be gathered by the fact that he personally saw to it that the wounded men of the Armada were treated and received pensions, and that the families of those who died were compensated for their loss, which was highly unusual for the time.
 
While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a [[English Armada|counter armada]] the following year failed disastrously. Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and her improved intelligence networks (although Cadiz was destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet.)
 
Even though Philip was bankrupt by 1596 (for the fourth time, after France had declared war on Spain), in the last decade of his life, more silver and gold were shipped safely to Spain than ever before. This allowed Spain to continue its military efforts, but led to an increased dependency on the precious metals and jewels.
 
Philip's infamy among and hatred by the Protestant English, made his name an epithet for [[Metacomet]] ('''King Philip'''), a particularly anti-Puritan Indian whose depredations caused much suffering in colonial [[New England]].
 
==War with France==
From 1590 to 1598, Philip was also at war against [[Henry IV of France]], joining with the Papacy and the Duke of Guise in the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] during the [[French Wars of Religion]]. Philip's interventions in the fighting - sending [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alessandro Farnese]], to end Henry IV's [[Siege of Paris, 1590|siege of Paris]] in 1590 – and the siege of [[Siege of Rouen, 1592|Rouen]] in 1592 - saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant French monarchy. In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. In June 1595 the redoubtable French king defeated the Spanish-supported Catholic League in Fontaine-Française in Burgundy and reconquered Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. The 1598 [[Treaty of Vervins]] was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the [[Edict of Nantes]], which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus ended in an ironic fashion for Philip: they had failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith - matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king.
 
Philip II died in [[El Escorial]] in September 1598.
 
==Legacy==
Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the [[Counter-Reformation]], he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism, but his devotion to Catholicism and the principle of [[cuius regio, eius religio]], as laid down by his father, would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century disdain for religious heterodoxy.
 
As he strived to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the [[Spanish Inquisition|Inquisition]], students were barred from studying elsewhere and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop Carranza, was jailed by the Inquisition for seventeen years for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree to Protestant reformism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions.
 
Yet the [[School of Salamanca]] flourished under his reign: [[Martín de Azpilcueta]], highly honoured at [[Rome]] by several popes, and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his ''Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium'' (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice; [[Francisco Suárez]], generally regarded as having been the greatest scholastic after Thomas Aquinas, and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1680–1685), where [[Pope Gregory XIII]] attended the first lecture that he gave; and [[Luis de Molina]] published his ''De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia'' (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the [[omniscience]] of [[God]] with human [[free will]] that came to be known as [[Molinism]], thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time (Molinism became the ''de facto'' [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] doctrine on the aforementioned matters, and is still advocated today by [[William Lane Craig]] and [[Alvin Plantinga]], among others).
 
[[File:Felipe II de España 01.jpg|left|thumb|Statue of Philip II at the [[Sabatini Gardens]] in [[Madrid]] ([[Felipe de Castro|F. Castro]], 1753).]]
 
Being the most powerful European monarch at a time full of war, and religious conflicts,<ref>Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. ''Felipe II y su tiempo''. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7 In the introduction to this work, Felipe is mentioned as the most powerful european monarch by resources and army, depicting Europe at the time as a world full of unsolved issues and religious conflicts</ref> evaluating the reign of Philip II and the king himself has become a controversial historical subject.<ref>Cfr. Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. ''Felipe II y su tiempo''. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. Yet again, the several points of view towards his reign are mentioned in the Introduction</ref> Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, keen in inhuman cruelties and barbarism.<ref>Kamen, Henry. ''Felipe de España'', Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1997. Cultural depictions of the king are mentioned, although Kamen tends to place himself with those favouring the king</ref> This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called Spanish [[Black Legend]] and White Legend, was helped by king Philip himself by prohibiting any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and by ordering all his private correspondence to be burned shortly before he died.<ref>Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. ''Felipe II y su tiempo''. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. He discusses the lack of correspondence of the king because he ordered it burned, thus avoiding any chance of getting further into Felipe's private life.</ref> Moreover, after being betrayed by his ambitious secretary [[Antonio Perez]], and when news reached Spain of Perez's incredible calumnies against his former master, Philip did nothing to defend himself, thus letting Perez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged.<ref>Vid. Marañón, Gregorio. ''Antonio Pérez: el hombre, el drama, la época''. Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1951, 2 vols. Judiciously argued review on the harm Perez did to the king, analyzing the king's responsibility on the assassination of Escobedo</ref> That way, the popular image of the king that survives till today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the Counter Reformation, thus usually depicting Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative, but also positive. Even in some countries that had remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality,<ref>Hume, Martin. ''Philip II of Spain'', London, 1897. Martin tried to retrieve the prejudiced views on the king at his time, something Carl Bratli also tried to do in his ''Filip of Spanien'' (Koebenhaven, 1909). Their works oppose to those of Ludwig Pfandl, ''Felipe II. Bosquejo de una vida y un tiempo'', Munich, 1938, who assessed very negatively Felipe's personality</ref> that task has been proven to be extremely hard, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries, and while Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the king's lukewarmness (or even support) towards Catholic fanaticism,<ref>In his work, ''Felipe II'' (Madrid, 1943) W.T. Walsh depicts Felipe's reign as a prosperous and successful one, tending to make an apology of it. Fernández Álvarez, in ''España y los españoles en la Edad Moderna'' (Salamanca, 1979), points out how White Legend supporters flourished during the 1940s and 1950s, and how they omitted the darkest issues of Felipe's reign</ref> English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster,<ref>That kind of adjectives can be read in M. Van Durme's 1953 ''El Cardenal Granvela''</ref> minimizing his military victories ([[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]], [[Battle of St. Quentin (1557)|Battle of Saint Quentin]],...) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely, [[Invincible Armada]],<ref>Cabrera de Córdoba, ''Felipe II rey de España'', ed. RAH, 1877, criticizes how Felipe's victories are being minimized by English historians, and points out the small consequences of defeats such as the Invincible Armada</ref> even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would suppose to re-analyze the reign of his greatest opposers, namely Queen [[Elizabeth I]] and [[William the Silent]], that are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favorable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments.<ref>This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work ("Philip II of Spain", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow englishmen because of that.</ref>
 
In an example of popular culture, Philip II appears in [[Fire Over England]], a well known 1937 historical drama. Breaking with British artistic tradition, the portrayal of the former English co-monarch is not entirely unsympathetic. He is shown as a very hard working, intelligent, religious, but somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country. As he orders the Armada to sail to its doom he admits to having no understanding of the English.
 
Philip II's reign can hardly be characterized by its failures. He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He commenced settlements in the [[Philippines]] and established the first trans-Pacific trade route between America and Asia. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in massively increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman navy. He dealt successfully with a crisis that threatened to lead to the secession of Aragon. Finally, his efforts contributed substantially to the long term success of the Catholic Counter-Reformation in checking the religious tide of Protestantism in Europe.
 
==Family==
[[File:Uczta monarsza.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Philip and Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by [[Alonso Sánchez Coello]]]]
 
[[File:Cenotafio de Felipe II y su familia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cenotaph of Philip and his family at the Escorial.]]
Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. Even so, most of his children died young.
 
Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, [[Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal]]; she was daughter of [[John III of Portugal]] and [[Catherine of Habsburg]]. The marriage produced one son, at whose birth Maria died.
* [[Carlos, Prince of Asturias]], (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried and without issue.
 
Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen [[Mary I of England]]. The marriage to Mary was political. By this marriage, Philip became ''[[jure uxoris]]'' [[List of English monarchs|King of England]], but the marriage produced no children and Mary died in 1558.
 
Philip's third wife was [[Elisabeth of Valois]], the eldest daughter of [[Henry II of France]] and [[Catherine de' Medici]]. Their marriage produced five children. Elisabeth died hours after a miscarriage. Their children were:
* Miscarried twin daughters (1564).
* [[Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain]] (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633), married [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]], but had no issue.
* [[Catherine Michelle of Spain]] (10 October 1567 - 6 November 1597), married [[Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy]], and had issue.
* miscarried or stillbirth son (1568).
 
Philip's fourth and final wife was [[Anna of Austria (1549–1580)|Anna of Austria]], who was also his niece-and cousin to her stepdaughter [[Catherine Michelle of Spain]]. This marriage produced four sons and a daughter. This marriage would be the first of three uncle-niece marriages that would be in the pedigree of the great grandson of Philip II, [[Charles II of Spain]]. Charles's genetically caused diseases would end the Habsburg line in Spain. Their children were:
* [[Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias]]: 4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, died young
* Carlos Lorenzo: 12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, died young
* [[Diego, Prince of Asturias]]: 15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, died young
* [[Philip III of Spain|Philip]]: 3 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (future king, Philip III of Spain)
* [[María of Spain (1580-1583)|Maria]]: 14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, died young
 
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel top|width=100%}}
{{ahnentafel-compact5
|style=font-size: 90%; line-height: 110%;
|border=1
|boxstyle=padding-top: 0; padding-bottom: 0;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Philip II of Spain'''
|2= 2. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|3= 3. [[Isabella of Portugal]]
|4= 4. [[Philip I of Castile]]
|5= 5. [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna I of Castile]]
|6= 6. [[Manuel I of Portugal]]
|7= 7. [[Maria of Aragon]]
|8= 8. [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|9= 9. [[Mary of Burgundy|Mary, Duchess of Burgundy]]
|10= 10. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
|11= 11. [[Isabella I of Castile]]
|12= 12. [[Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu]]
|13= 13. [[Beatriz of Portugal]]
|14= 14. [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] (= 10)
|15= 15. [[Isabella I of Castile]] (= 11)
|16= 16. [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor]]
|17= 17. [[Eleanor of Portugal, Holy Roman Empress|Eleanor of Portugal]]
|18= 18. [[Charles the Bold|Charles, Duke of Burgundy]]
|19= 19. [[Isabella of Bourbon]]
|20= 20. [[John II of Aragon]]
|21= 21. [[Juana Enriquez]]
|22= 22. [[John II of Castile]]
|23= 23. [[Infanta Isabel of Portugal|Isabella of Portugal]]
|24= 24. [[Edward of Portugal]]
|25= 25. [[Leonor of Aragon]]
|26= 26. [[Infante João of Portugal]]
|27= 27. [[Isabella of Braganza]]
|28= 28. [[John II of Aragon]] (= 20)
|29= 29. [[Juana Enriquez]] (= 21)
|30= 30. [[John II of Castile]] (= 22)
|31= 31. [[Infanta Isabel of Portugal|Isabella of Portugal]] (= 23)
}}</center>
{{ahnentafel bottom}}
 
==Historical assessment==
Anglo-American societies have generally held a very low opinion of Philip II. The traditional approach is perhaps epitomized by [[James Johonnot]]'s ''Ten Great Events in History'', in which he describes Philip II as a "vain, bigoted, and ambitious" monarch who "had no scruples in regard to means... placed freedom of thought under a ban, and put an end to the intellectual progress of the country".<ref>[http://www.authorama.com/ten-great-events-in-history-8.html]</ref> However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the [[Black Legend]].
 
The defense of the Catholic Church and the defeat of Protestantism was one of his most important goals. Although he did not fully accomplish this (England broke with Rome after the death of Mary, the Holy Roman Empire remained partly Protestant and the revolt in Holland continued) he prevented Protestantism from gaining a grip in Spain and Portugal and the colonies in the New World, and successfully re-established Catholicism in the reconquered southern half of the [[Low Countries]].
 
Philip was an austere and intelligent statesman. He was given to suspicion of members of his court, and was something of a meddlesome manager; but he was not the cruel tyrant painted by his opponents and subsequent Anglophile histories. He took great care in administering his dominions, and was known to intervene personally on behalf of the humblest of his subjects.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}
 
Philip II died in 1598. His was a painful death which involved a severe attack of gout, fever and dropsy. He died in [[El Escorial]], near Madrid, and was succeeded by his son [[Philip III of Spain|Philip III]]. The [[Philippines]], a former Spanish colony, is named in his honor.
 
==See also==
*[[Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain]]
*[[Descendants of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon]]
*[[Eighty Years' War]]
*[[List of Portuguese monarchs]]
*[[List of Spanish monarchs]]
*[[The empire on which the sun never sets]]
*[[The Philippines]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==Sources==
*{{cite book| last =Pettegree| first = Andrew| title =Europe in the Sixteenth Century | year =2002 | publisher = Blackwell| place = Oxford| isbn =063120704X}}.
*Rodriguez-Salgado, M.J. "The Court of Philip II of Spain". In ''Princes Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450-1650.'' Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-920502-7.
 
==External links==
{{Commons|Felipe II de España|Philip II of Spain}}
{{Wikiquote|Philip_II_of_Spain|Philip II of Spain}}
*[http://72.14.253.104/search?q=cache:hDH1kjcYn3EJ:www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/10/reviews/970810.10thomast.html+Philip+II+of+Spain+%3E+biography&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=7&gl=au "Philip of Spain: Renaissance Man"]
*[http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/paper/macpherson.html, The Grand Strategy of Philip II"]{{dead link|date=March 2010}}
*[http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/phil2/ Letters of Philip II, King of Spain]
*[http://www.lib.byu.edu/dlib/phil2/ Letters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592-1597]
*[http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/philip.php Philip II of Spain (King of England)]
*[http://www.revistaazogue.com/inquisicion.htm Philip II and the Paracelsian movement]
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Philip II}}
 
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[Habsburg Spain|House of Habsburg]]|1527|21 May|1598|13 September}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|rows=4|before=[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]}}
{{S-ttl|rows=2|title=Ruler of the [[Seventeen Provinces]] of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] and [[List of counts of Burgundy|Count Palatine of Burgundy]]<br/> <small> Losing the provinces of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] and [[Ommelanden]], [[Friesland]], [[Overijssel]], [[Duchy of Guelders|Lower Guelders]] and [[Zutphen]], [[County of Holland|Holland]], and [[Zeeland]] to the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]] after 26 July 1581</small>|years=16 January 1556 – 6 May 1598}}
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|-
{{S-aft|after=[[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]]|as=sovereign ruler of [[Groningen (province)|Groningen]] and [[Ommelanden]], [[Friesland]], [[Overijssel]], [[Duchy of Guelders|Lower Guelders]] and [[Zutphen]], [[County of Holland|Holland]], and [[Zeeland]]}}
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{{S-ttl|title=[[List of Portuguese monarchs|King of Portugal]] and the [[Algarve]]s|years=1581–1598}}
|-
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{{S-ttl|title=[[List of English monarchs|King of England]]<br>[[King of Ireland]]<br>'''''[[jure uxoris]]'''''|years = 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558|regent1=[[Mary I of England|Mary I]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]]}}
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{{S-roy|es}}
|-
{{S-vac|last=[[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Prince of Asturias]]|years=1528–1556}}
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{{End box}}
 
{{Monarchs of Spain}}
{{Monarchs of Portugal}}
{{English and British monarchs}}
{{Monarchs of Luxembourg}}
{{Infantes of Spain}}
{{Austrian archdukes}}
{{English consort}}
 
<!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
{{Persondata
|NAME= Philip II of Spain
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
|SHORT DESCRIPTION=
|DATE OF BIRTH=1528-05-21
|PLACE OF BIRTH=[[Valladolid]], [[Spain]]
|DATE OF DEATH=1598-09-13
|PLACE OF DEATH=[[Madrid]], [[Spain]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Philip 02 Of Spain}}
[[Category:1528 births]]
[[Category:1598 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Valladolid]]
[[Category:Spanish monarchs]]
[[Category:Portuguese monarchs]]
[[Category:English monarchs]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic monarchs]]
[[Category:Kings of Sicily]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Naples]]
[[Category:Counter-Reformation]]
[[Category:Anti-Protestantism]]
[[Category:Spanish people of the Eighty Years' War]]
[[Category:People of the French Wars of Religion]]
[[Category:Dukes of Brabant]]
[[Category:Dukes of Guelders]]
[[Category:Dukes of Lothier]]
[[Category:Dukes of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Dukes of Milan]]
[[Category:Counts of Flanders]]
[[Category:Counts of Hainaut]]
[[Category:Counts of Holland]]
[[Category:Princes of Asturias]]
[[Category:Princes of Girona]]
[[Category:Philippine dynasty]]
[[Category:Knights of Santiago]]
[[Category:Knights of the Garter]]
[[Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Anglo-Spanish War (1585)]]
[[Category:Burials in the Pantheon of Kings at El Escorial, Madrid]]
[[Category:Grand Masters of the Order of the Golden Fleece]]
[[Category:Spanish people of English descent]]
[[Category:Spanish people of Portuguese descent]]
 
[[ar:فيليب الثاني ملك إسبانيا]]
[[an:Felipe I d'Aragón]]
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[[de:Philipp II. (Spanien)]]
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[[el:Φίλιππος Β' της Ισπανίας]]
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[[eo:Filipo la 2-a (Hispanio)]]
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[[eu:Filipe II.a Espainiakoa]]
[[fa:فیلیپ دوم اسپانیا]]
[[fo:Filip 2.]]
[[fr:Philippe II d'Espagne]]
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[[ga:Pilib II na Spáinne]]
[[gl:Filipe II de España]]
[[ko:펠리페 2세]]
[[hr:Filip II., španjolski kralj]]
[[id:Felipe II dari Spanyol]]
[[is:Filippus 2. Spánarkonungur]]
[[it:Filippo II di Spagna]]
[[he:פליפה השני, מלך ספרד]]
[[ka:ფილიპე II (ესპანეთი)]]
[[la:Philippus II (rex Hispaniae)]]
[[lv:Felipe II]]
[[lt:Pilypas II Habsburgas]]
[[hu:II. Fülöp spanyol király]]
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[[mr:फिलिप दुसरा, स्पेन]]
[[ms:Philip II dari Sepanyol]]
[[nl:Filips II van Spanje]]
[[ja:フェリペ2世 (スペイン王)]]
[[no:Filip II av Spania]]
[[oc:Felip II d'Espanha]]
[[pl:Filip II Hiszpański]]
[[pt:Filipe II de Espanha]]
[[ro:Filip al II-lea al Spaniei]]
[[ru:Филипп II (король Испании)]]
[[scn:Filippu II di Spagna]]
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[[sk:Filip II. (Španielsko)]]
[[sr:Филип II од Шпаније]]
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[[tl:Felipe II ng Espanya]]
[[th:พระเจ้าเฟลีเปที่ 2 แห่งสเปน]]
[[tr:II. Felipe]]
[[uk:Філіп II Габсбург]]
[[vi:Felipe II của Tây Ban Nha]]
[[vls:Filips II van Spanje]]
[[war:Felipe II han Espanya]]
[[zh:腓力二世 (西班牙)]]
 
 
[[वर्ग:स्पेनचे राजे|फिलिप ०२]]
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