"पल्लव वंश" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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खूणपताका: Reverted मोबाईल संपादन मोबाईल वेब संपादन प्रगत मोबाईल संपादन
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खूणपताका: उलटविले Reverted मोबाईल संपादन मोबाईल वेब संपादन प्रगत मोबाईल संपादन
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{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=250 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|+<br/> '''Pallava Dynasty'''
|-
| align=center colspan=2 | [[Image:pallava territories.png]] <br>''Pallavas c.645 CE during [[Narasimhavarman I]]''
|-
| '''[[Official language]]s''' || [[तमिळ भाषा|तमिळ]]<br />
|-
| '''[[Capital (political)|Capital]]''' || [[Kanchipuram]]
|-
| '''[[List of countries by system of government|Government]]''' || [[Monarchy]]
|-
| '''Clan''' || ||
|-
| '''Preceding state''' || [[Satavahana]], [[Kalabhras]]
|-
| '''Succeeding states''' || [[Cholas]], [[Eastern Chalukyas]]
|-
|}
==राजांची कामगिरी==
[[इ.स.चे ४ थे शतक|इसवी सनाच्या चौथ्या शतकाच्या]] सुरुवातीला शिवस्कंदवर्मा या पल्लव राजाने [[कृष्णा नदी|कृष्णेपासून]] [[पेन्नार नदी|पेन्नार नदीपर्यंतचा]] प्रदेश जिंकून आपल्या अधिपत्याखाली आणला. त्याच्यानंतरच्या विष्णूगोप या [[कांचीपुरम|कांची]]च्या पल्लव राजाचा [[समुद्रगुप्त|समुद्रगुप्ताने]] पराभव केला. पुढे दिडशे वर्षे या भागात अराजक माजले पण सिंहविष्णू अवनीसिंह या राजाने अराजकाचा नाश करून पल्लवांची सत्ता पुन्हा प्रस्थापित केली. त्याने [[चोळ साम्राज्य|चोळांचा]] पराभव करून तोंडमंडलम जिंकले. त्याने [[कलभ्र वंश|कलभ्र]], [[पांड्य वंश|पांड्य]], [[चेर वंश|चेर]] यांचा पराभव करून [[सिलोन]]च्या राजाचाही पराभव केला. याच्यामुळेच सार्वभौमत्वाच्या चढाओढीत पल्लवांचे पदार्पण झाले.
 
सिंहविष्णू अवनीसिंहानंतर गादीवर आलेला त्याचा मुलगा पहिला महेंद्रवर्मन याने दक्षिणेत [[तिरुचिरापल्ली]]पर्यंत आपली सत्ता वाढवली. याने ''चैत्यकारी'', ''चित्रकारपुली'', ''मत्तविलास'', ''विचित्रचित्त'' या पदव्या धारण केलेल्या होत्या. याने आपल्या कालखंडात अनेक [[मंदिर|देवळे]] बांधली. महेंद्रवाडी हे गाव वसविले व तेथे महेंद्र [[तलाव]] बांधला. त्याच तलावाच्या काठावर एक विष्णूमंदिर बांधले. याच मंदिरावरील शिलालेखात हे विटाविरहित, [[लाकूड]]विरहित, [[धातू]]विरहित व चुनाविरहित मंदिर विचित्रचित्तराजाने खोदविले असा उल्लेख आहे. महाराष्ट्रातील [[चालुक्य]] राजांशी पहिल्या महेंद्रवर्मनाला अनेक वर्षे झगडावे लागले. चालुक्य राजा पुलकेशी दुसरा याने महेंद्रवर्मनाचा पराभव केला होता. पहिल्या महेंद्रवर्मनानंतर त्याचा पुत्र पहिला नरसिंहवर्मा गादीवर आला. त्याने [[इ.स. ६४२]] मध्ये दुसऱ्या पुलकेशीचा पराभव करून त्याला युद्धात ठार मारले. त्यानिमित्त त्याने ''महामल्ल'' व ''वातापिकोंड'' या पदव्या धारण केल्या. सिलोनवर दोनदा नाविक स्वाऱ्या केल्या होत्या.
 
==महत्त्वाचे राजे==
===महेंद्रवर्मन===
सिंहविष्णूच्या मृत्यूनंतर त्याचा मुलगा महेंद्रवर्मन हा पल्लवांचा राजा झाला. त्याने [[तमिळनाडू|तमिळ]] व [[आंध्र प्रदेश|आंध्रप्रदेशात]] आपला राज्यविस्तार केला. [[चालुक्य साम्राज्य|चालुक्य]] राजा पुलकेशीने पल्लवांचे वेंगीचे राज्य जिंकून घेऊन राजधानी [[कांचीपुरम|कांची]]वर प्रभुत्व निर्माण केले त्यामुळे महेंद्रवर्मनला माघार घ्यावी लागली. महेंद्रवर्मनाने [[त्रिचनापल्ली]], [[चिंगलपूर]] व [[अर्काट]] जिल्ह्यात अनेक मंदिरे बांधली. महेंद्रवाडीजवळ एका भव्य जलाशयाची निर्मिती केली. महेंद्रवर्मनने चेत्याकारी (मंदिर निर्माता), चित्रकारपुल्ली (चित्रकारातील चित्ता) व विचित्र चित्त (अलौकिक बुद्धिचा) अशा पदव्या धारण केलेल्या होत्या.
===महामल्ल नरसिंहवर्मन===
He was the great wrestler.
He wanted to take avenge the defeat of his father at the hands of chalukyan ruler pulakesin II. His victory over pulkestin 2 inthe battle of manimangalam near kanchi is mentioned in kuram copper plate.
 
===परमेश्वरवर्मन===
==पल्लवांची स्थापत्यकला==
जगप्रसिद्ध माम्मळपुरमची ([[महाबलीपुरम]]) आणि [[कांचीपुरम]]ची मंदिरे पल्लव राजांनी बांधली. [[मद्रास]]पासून अठ्ठावन्न किलोमीटर अंतरावर माम्मळपुरमची मंदिरे आहेत. येथे दहा मंदिरे असून ती पल्लव राजा नरसिंहवर्मनने बांधली. येथे त्रिमुर्ती, [[वराह]], [[दुर्गा]], [[गणेश]], पिंडारी व पाच [[पांडव|पांडवांची]] मंदिरे आहेत. त्यांना [[धर्मराज]], [[अर्जुन]], [[भीम]], [[सहदेव]] व [[द्रौपदी]] रथ अशी नावे आहेत. याच मंदिरात अर्जुन तपस्य व गंगावतरण ही प्रेक्षणीय शिल्पे आहेत. गुहास्थापत्यामधून मंदिरस्थापत्याचे परिवर्तन पल्लवकलेने घडवून आणले.
 
==पल्लव आणि [[चालुक्य]] यांच्यातील संघर्ष==
[[इ.स.चे ६ वे शतक]] ते [[इ.स.चे ८ वे शतक]] भारतातील राजकीय इतिहासाचा प्रमुख रोख पल्लव व बदामीचे चालुक्य यांच्यात श्रेष्ठत्वासाठी चाललेल्या झगड्याभोवती केंद्रीत होता. [[कृष्णा नदी|कृष्णा]] व [[तुंगभद्रा नदी|तुंगभद्रा]] या दोन नद्यांमधील प्रदेशावर प्रभुत्व मिळविण्यासाठी दोन्हीही सत्तांचे प्रयत्न चालू असत. पल्लव राजांनी अनेक वेळा तुंगभद्रा नदी ओलांडून जाण्याचा प्रयत्न केला. हा संघर्ष कधी एकाला तर कधी दुसऱ्याला विजय मिळवून देत दीर्घकाळ चालू राहिला.
Line १६ ⟶ ३८:
पल्लवांच्या प्रदेशावर दुसऱ्या पुलकेशीने केलेले दुसरे आक्रमण मात्र अयशस्वी ठरले. या आक्रमणावेळी पल्लव राजा नरसिंहवर्मन याने [[इ.स. ६४२]]च्या सुमारास वातापी ही चालुक्यांची राजधानी ताब्यात घेतली. याचवेळी दुसरा पुलकेशीही मारला गेला. इ.स.च्या ७ व्या शतकाच्या अखेरीस पल्लव व चालुक्य यांच्यातील संघर्ष काहिसा थंडावला. इ.स.च्या ८ व्या शतकाच्या पूर्वार्धात चालुक्य राजा दुसरा विक्रमादित्याने तीनवेळा [[कांची]]वर हल्ला करून कांची जिंकण्याचा प्रयत्न केला. [[इ.स. ७४०]] मध्ये विक्रमादित्याने पल्लवांचा अतिशय दारूण पराभव केला. चालुक्यांकडून झालेल्या या पराभवानंतरही शंभर वर्षे पल्लव राज्यकर्ते तग धरून राहिले असले तरी चालुक्यांच्या या विजयामुळे पल्लवांची अतिदक्षिणेकडील श्रेष्ठता मात्र पूणपणे संपुष्टात आली.
 
The '''Pallava dynasty''' was a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] dynasty of [[South India]] which ruled the northern [[तमिळ नाडु]] region and whole of [[Andhra Pradesh]] with their capital at [[Kanchipuram]]. The word Pallava in [[Sanskrit]] means ''branch''. The Pallava dynasty is an offshoot of the [[Cholas|Chola]] rulers . They expanded into the [[Guntur]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. This area is still referred to as [[Palnadu]] or Pallava Nadu. Pallavas gained prominence after the eclipse of [[Satavahanas]] of Andhra and decline of Cholas in Tamil Nadu. The Pallavas patronized [[तमिळ भाषा|तमिळ]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and Sanskrit. Some of the most illustrious Sanskrit poets like Bharavi and Dandin and the seashore rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram belongs to the Pallavan era.
==संदर्भ==
 
Pallavas rose in power during the reign of [[Mahendravarman I]] ([[571]] – [[630]] CE) and [[Narasimhavarman I]] (630 – [[668]] CE) and dominated the [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and northern parts of the [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamil]] region for about six hundred years until the end of the 9th century.
 
Throughout their reign they were in constant conflict with both [[Chalukyas]] of [[Badami]] in the north and the Tamil kingdoms of [[Chola Dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandyas]] in the south and were finally defeated by the [[Chola]] kings in the 8th century CE.
 
Pallavas are most noted for their patronage of architecture, still seen today in [[Mahabalipuram]]. The Pallavas, who left behind magnificent sculptures and temples, established the foundations of medieval south Indian architecture. Chinese traveller [[Hiuen Tsang]] visited [[Kanchipuram]] during Pallava rule and extolled their benign rule.
 
Many sources describe '''[[Bodhidharma]]''', the founder of the '''[[Zen]]''' school of [[Buddhism]] in [[China]], as a [[prince]] of the Pallava dynasty, a contemporary of Skandavarman IV and Nandivarman I,<ref>Kamil V. Zvelebil (1987). "The Sound of the One Hand", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'', Vol. 107, No. 1, p. 125-126.</ref> and the son of Simhavarman II, though this is debatable.<ref>Graeme Lyall. ''[http://www.zipworld.com.au/~lyallg/Seon.htm Seon - The Buddhism of Korea]''.</ref>
 
==Etymology==
The word '''Pallava''' means ''branch'' in [[Sanskrit]], in contrast with [[Chola]] meaning ''new country'', [[Pandiya]] meaning ''old country'' and [[Chera]] meaning ''hill country'' in [[Sangam]] Tamil lexicon. The Pallavas are considered to be later offshoot of Cholas, who made Kanchipuram their capital and ruled Northern Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh (till Northern Circars). They have also conquered Southern Karnataka.
 
==Origins==
{{Main|Origin of Pallava}}
 
The origins of the Pallavas are shrouded in myths and legends. The Pallavas are described to belong to the line of sage Bharadwaja. Aswattama the son of Drona once while being in a hermitage near the province of Funan in South-East Asia was visited upon by the celestial nymph called Menaka who sought his hand. The child that they begot was called Pallava. Several grants recollect this by seeing Pallava's valour to be equal to that of "Aswattaman who that night of war relentlessly fought the demonic army of Ghatotgacha the son of Bheema." This apart several Pallavas were praised to have mastered and practiced alongside arms, the agamic worship rituals (''sarva agama sastra paradrushtva''). This apart the Pallava insignia of mace Khatvanga of Lord Siva and conch Samudraghosham of lord Siva was also sported by Aswattama. It is also true that several Pallava princes who took charges in Kanchi came from many distant islands also where extended the authority of the great kings, let alone from [[Indian subcontinent]].
 
==Pallava Chronology==
The rule of the Pallavas apparently starts as early as 275 CE, but their greatest epoch corresponds to the 7th and 8th century.<ref>Avari, p186</ref>
 
===Early Pallavas===
The history of the early Pallavas has not yet been satisfactorily settled. The earliest documentation on the Pallavas is the three copper-plate grants,<ref name="earlygrant">Now referred to as the ''Mayidavolu'', ''Hirahadagalli'' and the ''British Museum'' plates - Durga Prasad (1988)</ref> belonging to [[Skandavarman I]] and written in [[Prakrit]].<ref name=sastri91>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p91</ref> Skandavarman appears to have been the first great ruler of the early Pallavas, though there are references to other early Pallavas who were probably predecessors of Skandavarman.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', pp91&ndash;92</ref>
 
Skandavarman extended his dominions from the [[Krishna River|Krishna]] in the north to the [[Pennar]] in the south and to the [[Bellary]] district in the West. He performed the ''Aswamedha'' and other Vedic sacrifices and bore the शीर्षक of 'Supreme King of Kings devoted to ''dharma'''.<ref name=sastri91/>
 
In the reign of [[Simhavarman IV]], who ascended the throne in 436 BC, the fallen prestige of the Pallavas was restored. He recovered the territories lost to the [[Vishnukundin]]s in the north up to the mouth of the Krishna. The early Pallava history from this period onwards is furnished by a dozen or so copper-plate grants in [[Sanskrit]]. They are all dated in the regnal years of the kings.<ref name=sastri92>Nilakanta Sastri, ''A History of South India'', p92</ref>
 
With the accession of [[Nandivarman I]] (480-500 BC), the decline of the early Pallava family was seen. The [[Kadambas]] had their aggressions and attacked even the headquarters of the [[Pallavas]] with the Pallavas taking retaliatory measures by expelling and invading [[Kadamba]] territories in [[कर्नाटक|Karnataka]]. In coastal [[Andhra]] the Vishnukundins established their ascendency. The Pallava authority was confined to Tondaimandalam.
 
With the accession of [[Simhavishnu]], father of [[Mahendravarman I]], c. 575 BC, the Pallava revival began in the south.
<!--The following chronology is gathered from these three charters:<ref name=sastri92/>
 
* [[Simhavarman I]] [[275]] - [[300]] CE
* [[Skandavarman]]
* [[Visnugopa]] 350 - 355 CE
* [[Kumaravishnu I]] 350 - [[370]] CE
* [[Skandavarman II]] 370 - [[385]] CE
* [[Viravarman]] 385 - [[400]] CE
* [[Skandavarman III]] 400 - [[436]] CE
* [[Simhavarman II]] 436 - [[460]] CE
* [[Skandavarman IV]] 460 - 480 CE
* [[Nandivarman I]] 480 - [[510]] CE
* [[Kumaravishnu II]] 510 - [[530]] CE
* [[Buddhavarman]] 530 - [[540]] CE
* [[Kumaravishnu III]] 540 - [[550]] CE
* [[Simhavarman III]] 550 - [[560]] CE -->
 
===Later Pallavas===
[[Image:mamallapuram.jpg|thumb|The rock-cut temples at [[Mamallapuram]] constructed during the reign of [[Narasimhavarma I]]]]
[[Image:Elephant mpuram.jpg|thumb|Elephant carved out of a single-stone]]
The incursion of the [[Kalabhras]] and the confusion in the Tamil country was broken by the [[Pandya]] [[Kadungon]] and the Pallava [[Simhavishnu]].<ref>Kulke and Rothermund, p105</ref><ref>Kulke and Rothermund, p120</ref> The Pallava kingdom began to gain both in territory and influence over the South Indian peninsula and were a regional power by the end of the 6th century.<ref name=kulke111>Kulke and Rothermund, p111</ref> The Pallavas exercised control over their southern neighbours of Cholas and Pandyas. But their history is marked by the continuous conflict with the [[Chalukya dynasty|Badami Chalukyas]].<ref name=kulke111/>
 
[[Narasimhavarma I]] and [[Paramesvaravarma I]] were the kings who stand out with glorious achievements in both military and architectural spheres. [[Nandivarma II]] built the [[Shore Temple]].
<!-- * [[Simhavishnu]] [[555]] - [[590]] CE
* [[Mahendravarma I]] 590 - 630 CE
* [[Narasimhavarma I]] (Mamalla) 630 - 668 CE
* [[Mahendravarma II]] 668 - [[672]] CE
* [[Paramesvaravarma I]] 672 - [[700]] CE
* [[Narasimhavarma II]] (Raja Simha) 700 - [[728]] CE
* [[Paramesvaravarma II]] [[705]] - [[710]] CE
* [[Nandivarma II]] (Pallavamalla) [[732]] - [[796]] CE
* [[Thandi Varma|Thandivarma]] [[775]] - [[825]] CE
* [[Nandivarma III]] 825 - [[869]] CE
* [[Aparajitha Varma]] [[882]] - [[901]] CE -->
 
===Kadava kingdom===
{{Main|Kadava}}
During the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries CE, a small principality of the [[Kadava]] dynasty came into brief prominence. These rulers claimed descent from the Pallavas. The notable rulers of this dynasty are [[Kopperunchinga I]] (reigned c.1216 - 1242 CE), and his son and successor [[Kopperunchinga II]] (c.1243 - 1279 CE). Together they extended the influence of their kingdom and played a major part in the ultimate demise of the Chola dynasty.
 
==Religion==
Pallavas were followers of Hinduism and made gifts of land to gods and brahmins. In line with the prevalent customs, some of the rulers performed the ''[[Aswamedha]]'' and other [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic sacrifices]].<ref name=sastri92/>
 
They were, however, tolerant of other faiths. The Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] who visited [[Kanchipuram]] during the reign of Narasimhavarman I reported that there were 100 Buddhist monasteries, and 80 temples in Kanchipuram.<ref>Kulke and Rothermund, pp121&ndash;122</ref>
 
Mahendravarman I was initially a patron of the [[जैन धर्म]] faith. He later re-converted to [[Hinduism]] under the influence of the Saiva saint [[Appar]] with the revival of Hinduism during the Bhakti movement in [[South India]].<ref>[http://www.tamilnation.org/sathyam/east/saivaism/63nayanmars.htm#_VPID_31 Appar]</ref>
 
==Pallava architecture==
[[Image:ShoreTemple.jpg|thumb|The Shore Temple at [[Mahabalipuram]] built by [[Narasimhavarman II]]]]
The Pallavas were instrumental in the transition from rock-cut architecture to stone temples. The earliest examples of Pallava constructions are rock-cut temples dating from 610&ndash;690 CE and structural temples between 690&ndash;900 CE. A number of rock-cut cave temples bear the inscription of the Pallava king, Mahendravarman I and his successors.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, pp412&ndash;413</ref>
 
The greatest accomplishments of the Pallava architecture are the rock-cut temples at [[Mahabalipuram]]. There are excavated pillared halls and monolithic shrines known as ''rathas'' in Mahabalipuram. Early temples were mostly dedicated to [[Shiva]]. The Kailasanatha temple in [[Kanchipuram]] and the [[Shore Temple]] built by [[Narasimhavarman II]] are fine examples of the Pallava style temples.<ref>Nilakanta Sastri, p139</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[History of India]]
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}
 
==नोंदी==
{{संदर्भयादी|2}}
 
==References==
* {{स्रोत पुस्तक | पहिलेनाव=Burjor | आडनाव=Avari | लेखकदुवा= | सहलेखक= | आवृत्ती=| वर्ष=2007| title=India: The Ancient Past | प्रकाशक=Routledge | स्थान=New York | आयडी= }}
* {{स्रोत पुस्तक | पहिलेनाव=G. Jouveau | आडनाव=Dubreuil | लेखकदुवा= | सहलेखक=Dikshitar, V. S. Swaminadha | वर्ष=1995| title= The Pallavas| आवृत्ती= | प्रकाशक=Asian Educational Services| स्थान=India | आयएसबीएन= 8120605748}}
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[[वर्ग:भारतीय राजवंश]]
[[वर्ग:इंग्रजी-मराठी भाषांतर हवे]]
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