"ज्ञानकोश" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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ओळ ३:
'''ज्ञानकोश''' ([[इंग्लिश भाषा|इंग्लिश]]: ''encyclopedia'', ''encyclopaedia'';) हा कोशसाहित्याचा एक प्रकार आहे. ज्ञानकोशात विविध विषयांवरची माहिती अकारविल्हेसारखी विशिष्ट रचना करून साठवलेली असते. एखाद्या विषयाची तोंडओळख करून घ्यायला ज्ञानकोश हे उत्तम साधन आहे.
 
काही वेळा ज्ञानकोशाला त्याच अर्थाने ''विश्वकोश'' किंवा विश्वज्ञानकोश असेही म्हटले जाते. ज्ञानकोश म्हणजे [[ज्ञान|ज्ञानाच्या]] सर्व शाखा किंवा एखाद्या विशिष्ट शाखेची बहुव्यापक माहिती लिहिलेला बहुसमावेशक [[सारग्रंथ]]{{विअप}} (compendium) होय. अशा ज्ञानकोशात [[wikt:विषय|विषय]]वार एकएक लेख असतो. अनेकदा, ज्ञानकोशातील मजकुराचे प्रचंड मोजमाप विचारात घेता बहुधा त्याची रचना अनेक खंडांमध्ये केलेली असते. तरीसुद्धा एकखंडी ज्ञानकोश अनेक आहेत. इंग्लंडमधले चेंबर्स हे विश्वविद्यालय असे एकखंडी ज्ञानकोश प्रसिद्ध करीत असते. मराठीत अनेकखंडी ज्ञानकोशांप्रमाणे अनेक एकखंडी ज्ञानकोशही आहेत. विषयवार लेख बहु्धा लेखनावाच्या आद्याक्षरानुक्रमे मांडलेले असतात.<ref>{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत |दुवाurl=http://library.rcc.edu/riveHELLOrside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |शीर्षकtitle="Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center - Encyclopedia." |आर्काइव्हदुवाarchive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070803182506/http://library.rcc.edu/riverside/glossaryoflibraryterms.htm#e |आर्काइव्हदिनांकarchivedate=2007-08-03}} Glossary of Library Terms. Riverside City College, Digital Library/Learning Resource Center. Retrieved on: November 17, 2007.</ref>
 
ज्ञानकोश विविध प्रकारचे असतात. एका विशिष्ट विषयापुरते किंवा अनेक विषयांची वेचक संकलित माहिती देणारे सर्वसमावेशक, असेही ज्ञानकोशही असतात.
ओळ १९:
सारे [[विश्वकोश]], विश्वकोशाची विश्वासार्हता जपण्याकरिता केवळ वस्तुनिष्ठ लेखन करण्याचा संकेत पाळत असतात. त्यामुळे '''शब्दांचा(स्वतः जोडलेल्या विशेषणांचा) फुलोरा असलेले, स्वतःच दिलेला व्यक्तिगत दुजोरा देणारे, इत्यादी ललित लेखन किंवा [[अनुदिनी|ब्लॉग]] या स्वरूपातील लेखन विश्वकोशात नसते.'''.
 
ज्ञानकोशांची वर्गवारी विषय, व्याप्ती, संकलनाची आणि मांडणीची पद्धत, उत्पादन किंवा उपलब्धतेच्या पद्धतीनुसार करता येते.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia#General_definition] .ज्ञानकोश[[ब्रिटानिका ज्ञानकोशा]]प्रमाणे सामान्य ज्ञान किंवा विशिष्ट विषयांना वाहून घेतलेले असू शकतात. शब्दकोशांशी जोडलेले असू शकतात किंवा ते भौगोलिक स्वरूपाच्या दर्शनिका(गॅझेटियर) असू शकतात. ज्ञानकोशातील विवरण पद्धतशीर असते. विषयांचा अनुक्रम बर्‍याचदा मुळाक्षरांनुसार किंवा विषय-सुसंगत असतो.
 
आधुनिक संगणक, इंटरनेट व इलेक्ट्रॉनिक माध्यमांमुळे ज्ञानकोशांच्या मांडणीत आमूलाग्र बदल घडत आहेत. अनुक्रम लावणे, शोधयंत्राचा सुलभ वापर करणे, परस्परसंदर्भ देणे अशा गोष्टी सुकर झाल्या आहेत. माहितीचे संकलन, पडताळणी, संक्षिप्तीकरण, सादरीकरण यात महत्त्वपूर्ण बदल घडत असून [[विकिपीडिया]],[http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/ h2g२] इत्यादीं गोष्टी, या सुधारणांनी कायकाय शक्य आहे हे सांगणारी ज्वलंत उदाहरणे आहेत. काही ज्ञानकोशांची सीडी मिळते किंवा काही ज्ञानकोश आंतरजालावर वाचायला किंवा उतरवून घ्यायला उपलब्ध असतात.
 
== ज्ञानकोशांचा इतिहास ==
ओळ ५१:
{{See also|American and British English spelling differences#Simplification of ae (æ) and oe (œ)}}
 
The word "encyclopaedia" comes from the [[Ancient Greek|Classical Greek]] {{polytonic|"ἐγκύκλιος παιδεία"}} (transliterated "enkyklios paideia"), literally, a "[well-]rounded education", meaning "general knowledge". Though the notion of a compendium of knowledge dates back thousands of years, the term was first used in the title of a book in 1541 by [[Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius]], ''Lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima kyklopaideia'' (Basel, 1541). The word ''encyclopaedia'' was first used as a noun in the title of his book by the Croatian [[encyclopedist]] [[Paul Skalić|Pavao Skalić]] in his ''Encyclopaedia seu orbis disciplinarum tam sacrarum quam prophanarum epistemon'' (Encyclopaedia, or Knowledge of the World of Disciplines, Basel, 1559). One of the oldest vernacular uses was by [[François Rabelais]] in his ''Pantagruel'' in 1532.<ref>{{cite conference|booktitle=Pre-Modern Encyclopaedic Texts: Proceedings of the Second Comers Congress, Groningen, 1–July 4, 1996|date=1997|publisher=BRILL|pages=213|author=Bert Roest|title=Compilation as Theme and Praxis in Franciscan Universal Chronicles|id=ISBN 90-04-10830-0|editor=Peter Binkley}}</ref><ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|शीर्षकtitle=Pliny's Catalogue of Culture: Art and Empire in the Natural History|लेखकauthor=Sorcha Carey|पृष्ठेpages=17|प्रकरण=Two Strategies of Encyclopaedism|दिनांकdate=2003|प्रकाशकpublisher=Oxford University Press|आयएसबीएनisbn=0199259135}}</ref>
 
Several encyclopaedias have names that include the suffix ''-p(a)edia'', e.g., [[Banglapedia]] (on matters relevant for Bengal).
ओळ ६९:
* As modern multimedia and the information age have evolved, they have had an ever-increasing effect on the collection, verification, summation, and presentation of information of all kinds. Projects such as [[Everything2]], [[Encarta]], [[h2g2]], and [[विकिपीडिया]] are examples of new forms of the encyclopaedia as information retrieval becomes simpler. More specifically, Wikipedia has received acclaim for its scholarly nature, succinctness, verifiability, accuracy, and neutrality.{{Fact|date=August 2009}}
 
Some works entitled "dictionaries" are actually similar to encyclopaedias, especially those concerned with a particular field (such as the ''[[Dictionary of the Middle Ages]]'', the ''[[Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships]]'', and ''[[Black's Law Dictionary]]''). The ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]],'' Australia's national dictionary, became an [[encyclopedic dictionary]] after its first edition in recognition of the use of proper nouns in common communication, and the words derived from such proper nouns. Although the line between dictionary and encyclopedia is somewhat blurry, one test is that an encyclopedia as a factual work can reasonably be translated, whereas a dictionary as a linguistic work, cannot.<ref>[{{cite web|title=Modern lexicography By Henri Béjoint|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DJ8gwtomUpMC&lpg=PA30&dq=lexicography%20translated%20encyclopedia%20dictionary&pg=PA30 Modern lexicography By Henri Béjoint pg |page=30]</ref>
 
== इतिहास ==
ओळ ११८:
The beginnings of the modern idea of the general-purpose, widely distributed printed encyclopedia precede the 18th century [[encyclopedist]]s. However, Chambers' ''[[Cyclopedia, or Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences]]'' (1728), and the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'' of Diderot and D'Alembert (1751 onwards), as well as ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' and the ''[[Brockhaus encyclopedia|Conversations-Lexikon]]'', were the first to realize the form we would recognize today, with a comprehensive scope of topics, discussed in depth and organized in an accessible, systematic method—although it is notable that to an extent Chambers, in 1728, was following the still earlier lead of John Harris' ''[[Lexicon Technicum]]'', of 1704 and later editions (see also below), which was also by its title and content "A Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences: Explaining not only the Terms of Art, but the Arts Themselves".
 
Much encyclopaedism of the [[French Renaissance]] was based upon the notion of not including every fact known to humans, but only that knowledge that was necessary, where necessity was judged by a wide variety of criteria, leading to works of greatly varying sizes. [[Béroalde de Verville]] laid the foundation for his encyclopaedic works in a [[hexameral poem]] entitled ''Les cognoissances nécessaires'' for example. Often, the criteria had moral bases, such as in the case of [[Pierre de La Primaudaye]]'s ''L'Academie Française'' and [[Guillaume Telin]]'s ''Bref sommaire des sept vertus &c.''. Encyclopaedists encountered several problems with this approach, including how to decide what to omit as unnecessary, how to structure knowledge that resisted structure (often simply as a consequence of the sheer amount of material that deserved inclusion), and how to cope with the influx of newly discovered knowledge and the effects that it had on prior structures.<ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक|शीर्षकtitle=The Palace of Secrets: Beroalde de Verville and Renaissance Conceptions of Knowledge|लेखकauthor=Neil Kenny|पृष्ठेpages=12–13|दिनांकdate=1991|प्रकाशकpublisher=Oxford University Press|आयएसबीएनisbn=0198158629}}</ref>
 
The term encyclopaedia was coined by 15th century humanists who misread copies of their texts of [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] and [[Quintilian]], and combined the two Greek words "''enkuklios paideia''" into one word.
ओळ १३२:
A French translation of Chambers' work inspired the ''[[Encyclopédie]]'', perhaps the most famous early encyclopedia, notable for its scope, the quality of some contributions, and its political and cultural impact in the years leading up to the [[French revolution]]. The ''Encyclopédie'' was edited by [[Jean le Rond d'Alembert]] and [[Denis Diderot]] and published in 17 volumes of लेख, issued from 1751 to 1765, and 11 volumes of illustrations, issued from 1762 to 1772. Five volumes of supplementary material and a two volume index, supervised by other editors, were issued from 1776 to 1780 by [[Charles Joseph Panckoucke]].
 
The ''Encyclopédie'' represented the essence of the [[French Enlightenment]].<ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक| last1 = Himmelfarb| first1 = Gertrude| title = The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments| publisher = Alfred A. Knopf| date = 2004| आयएसबीएनisbn = 9781400042364}}</ref> The prospectus stated an ambitious goal: the ''Encyclopédie'' was to be a systematic analysis of the "order and interrelations of human knowledge."<ref>Jean le Rond d'Alembert, "Preliminary Discourse," in ''Denis Diderot's The Encyclopédie: Selections'', ed. and trans. Stephen J. Gendzier (1967), cited in Hillmelfarb 2004</ref> Diderot, in his [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text ''Encyclopédie'' लेख of the same name], went further: "to collect all the knowledge that now lies scattered over the face of the earth, to make known its general structure to the men among we live, and to transmit it to those who will come after us," to make men not only wiser but also "more virtuous and more happy."<ref>Denis Diderot, ''Rameau's Nephew and Other Works,'' trans. and ed. Jacques Barzun and Ralph H. Bowen (1956), cited in Himmelfarb 2004</ref>
The ''Encyclopédie'' represented the essence of the [[French Enlightenment]].<ref>{{स्रोत पुस्तक
| आडनाव = Himmelfarb
| पहिलेनाव = Gertrude
| शीर्षक = The Roads to Modernity: The British, French, and American Enlightenments
| प्रकाशक = Alfred A. Knopf
| दिनांक = 2004
| आयएसबीएन = 9781400042364}}</ref> The prospectus stated an ambitious goal: the ''Encyclopédie'' was to be a systematic analysis of the "order and interrelations of human knowledge."<ref>Jean le Rond d'Alembert, "Preliminary Discourse," in ''Denis Diderot's The Encyclopédie: Selections'', ed. and trans. Stephen J. Gendzier (1967), cited in Hillmelfarb 2004</ref> Diderot, in his [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=did;cc=did;idno=did2222.0000.004;rgn=main;view=text ''Encyclopédie'' लेख of the same name], went further: "to collect all the knowledge that now lies scattered over the face of the earth, to make known its general structure to the men among we live, and to transmit it to those who will come after us," to make men not only wiser but also "more virtuous and more happy."<ref>Denis Diderot, ''Rameau's Nephew and Other Works,'' trans. and ed. Jacques Barzun and Ralph H. Bowen (1956), cited in Himmelfarb 2004</ref>
 
Realizing the inherent problems with the model of knowledge he had created, Diderot's view of his own success in writing the ''Encyclopédie'' were far from ecstatic. Diderot envisioned the perfect encyclopedia as more than the sum of its parts. In his own लेख on the encyclopedia, Diderot also wrote, "Were an analytical dictionary of the sciences and arts nothing more than a methodical combination of their elements, I would still ask whom it behooves to fabricate good elements." Diderot viewed the ideal encyclopedia as an index of connections. He realized that all knowledge could never be amassed in one work, but he hoped the relations among विषय could be.
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