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"इस्रायल" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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इंग्लिश मजकूर काढला.
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{{माहितीचौकट देश
|राष्ट्र_प्रचलित_नाव = इस्रायल
|राष्ट्र_अधिकृत_नाव_स्थानिकभाषेमध्ये = מדינת ישראל<br />دولة إسرائيل
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|राष्ट्र_ध्वज = Flag of Israel.svg
|राष्ट्र_चिन्ह = Israel coat of arms.svg
|राष्ट्र_ध्वज_नाव =
|राष्ट्र_चिन्ह_नाव =
|जागतिक_स्थान_नकाशा = LocationIsrael.svg
|राष्ट्र_नकाशा = Israel-CIA WFB Map (2004).png
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|सर्वात_मोठे_शहर = [[जेरुसलेम]]
|सरकार_प्रकार = संसदीय लोकशाही
|राष्ट्रप्रमुख_नाव = [[रेउव्हेन रिव्हलिन]]
|पंतप्रधान_नाव = [[बेंजामिन नेतान्याहू]]
|सरन्यायाधीश_नाव =
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== लष्कर ==
इस्रायलचे लष्कर हे अजोड अशा [[इस्रायल संरक्षण बल]]ाने युक्त आहे.[[हिब्रू]] भाषेत त्यास ''Tzahal'' (צה"ל)(ज़हाल){{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}} हा पर्यायवाची शब्द आहे. पूर्वी इस्रायलमध्ये वेगळी इस्रायली लष्कर सेवा नव्हती. भूदलाच्या हुकुमाखाली नौसेना व हवाई दल हे कामय करतात. तेथे वेगवेगळ्या बाबतीत सुरक्षा हाताळणाऱ्या इतरही निमलष्करी संस्था आहेत. उदा० इस्रायल सीमा पथक, शिन बेट इत्यादी.
{{main|Israeli Security Forces}}
इस्रायलचे लष्कर हे अजोड अशा [[इस्रायल संरक्षण बल]]ाने युक्त आहे.[[हिब्रू]] भाषेत त्यास ''Tzahal'' (צה"ל)(ज़हाल){{मराठी शब्द सुचवा}} हा पर्यायवाची शब्द आहे. पूर्वी इस्रायलमध्ये वेगळी इस्रायली लष्कर सेवा नव्हती. भूदलाच्या हुकुमाखाली नौसेना व हवाई दल हे कामय करतात. तेथे वेगवेगळ्या बाबतीत सुरक्षा हाताळणाऱ्या इतरही निमलष्करी संस्था आहेत. उदा० इस्रायल सीमा पथक, शिन बेट इत्यादी.The IDF was based on paramilitary underground armies, chiefly [[Haganah]].
 
The IDF is one of the [[List of countries by military expenditures|best funded military forces]] in the [[Middle East]] and ranks among the most battle-trained armed forces in the world, having been involved in five major wars and numerous border conflicts. In terms of personnel, the IDF's main resource is the training quality of its soldiers and expert institutions, rather than sheer numbers of soldiers. It also relies heavily on high-tech weapons systems, some developed and manufactured in Israel for its specific needs, and others imported (largely from the United States).
 
Most Israelis (males and females) are [[conscription|drafted]] into the military at age 18. Exceptions are [[Israeli Arab]]s, those who cannot serve due to injury or disability, women who declare themselves married, or those who are religiously observant. Compulsory service is three years for men, and two years for women. [[Circassians]] and [[Bedouin]] also actively enlist in the IDF. Since 1956, [[Druze]] men have been conscripted in the same way as Jewish men, at the request of the Druze community. Men studying full-time in religious institutions can get a deferment from conscription. Most [[Haredi Judaism|''Haredi'' Jews]] extend these deferments until they are too old to be conscripted, a practice that has fueled much controversy in Israel.
 
Following compulsory service, Israeli men become part of the IDF reserve forces, and are usually required to serve several weeks every year as reservists until their 40s.
 
The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] believes Israel to be a state possessing nuclear weapons. The government has never confirmed nor denied this assertion. Israel has not ratified the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] and the [[Chemical Weapons Convention]] (CWC) and is not a signatory to the [[Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention]] (BWC).
{{seealso|Israel and weapons of mass destruction}}
 
== अर्थव्यवस्था ==
इस्राएल तंत्रज्ञानात प्रगत अर्थव्यवस्था आहे.
{{sync|Economy of Israel}}
{{main|Economy of Israel}}
 
इस्राएल तंत्रज्ञानात प्रगत अर्थव्यवस्था आहे with substantial government participation. It depends on imports of [[fossil fuels]] ([[crude oil]], [[natural gas]], and [[coal]]), [[grains]], [[beef]], raw materials, and military equipment. Despite limited natural resources, Israel has intensively developed its agricultural and industrial sectors over the past 20 years. Israel is largely self-sufficient in food production except for grains and beef. Diamonds, high technology, military equipment, software, pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products (fruits, vegetables and flowers) are leading exports. Israel usually posts sizable [[current account deficit]]s, which are covered by large transfer payments from abroad and by foreign loans (although some economists would say the deficit is a sign of Israel's advancing markets). Israel possesses extensive facilities for [[oil refining]], [[diamond#The diamond industry|diamond polishing]], and [[semiconductor]] fabrication.
 
Roughly half of the government's external debt is owed to the [[United States]], which is its major source of economic and military aid. A relatively large fraction of Israel's external debt is held by [[individual investor]]s, via the [[Israel Bonds]] program. The combination of American loan guarantees and direct sales to individual investors, allow the state to borrow at competitive and sometimes below-market rates.
 
The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former [[USSR]] topped 750,000 during the period 1989–1999, bringing the population of Israel from the former [[सोवियेत संघ]] to one million, one-sixth of the total population, and adding scientific and professional expertise of substantial value for the economy's future. The influx, coupled with the opening of new markets at the end of the [[Cold War]], energized Israel's economy, which grew rapidly in the early [[1990s]]. But growth began slowing in 1996 when the government imposed tighter fiscal and monetary policies and the immigration bonus petered out. Those policies brought inflation down to record low levels in 1999.
 
High technology industries have taken a pre-eminent role in the economy, particularly in the last decade. Israel’s limited natural resources and strong emphasis on education have also played key roles in directing industry towards high technology fields. As a result of the country’s success in developing cutting edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences, Israel is frequently referred to as a second Silicon Valley. Israel (as of 2004) receives more venture capital investment than any country of Europe, and has the largest VC/GDP rate in the world, seven times that of the United States. Outside the [[United States|U.S.]] and [[Canada]], Israel has the largest number of [[NASDAQ]] listed companies.
 
Israel produces more scientific papers per capita than any other nation - 109 per 10,000 people.<ref name=mideastoutpost>{{स्रोत बातमी|शीर्षक=BOYCOTT ISRAEL? DO IT PROPERLY.. |date=[[2004-12-31]]|प्रकाशक=[[Mideast Outpost]]|दुवा=http://mideastoutpost.com/archives/000121.html}}</ref> It also boasts one of the highest per capita rates of patents filed. Twenty-four percent of Israel's workforce holds university degrees - ranking third in the industrialized world, after the U.S. and [[Netherlands]] - and 12 percent hold advanced degrees.<ref>{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत|दुवा=http://www.israelemb.org/economics/whoweare.htm|शीर्षक=The Israel you don't see on the evening news|प्रकाशक=Israel Embassy|अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=[[2006-07-20]]}}</ref>
 
Another leading industry is [[Tourism in Israel|tourism]], which benefits from the plethora of important historical sites for Judaism and Christianity and from Israel’s warm climate and access to water resources. The important diamond industry has been affected by changing industry conditions and shifts of certain industry activities to the Far East.
 
As Israel has liberalized its economy and reduced taxes and spending, the gap between the rich and poor has grown. As of 2005, 20.5% of Israeli families (and 34% of Israeli children) are living below the poverty line, though around 40% of those are lifted above the poverty line through transfer payments.{{fact}}
 
Israel's GDP per capita, as of [[28 July]], [[2005]], was $20,551.20 per person (42nd in the world). Israel's overall productivity was $54,510.40, and the amount of patents granted was 74/1,000,000 people.
 
As of [[May]] [[2006]] average monthly wages per employee were: 7,333 [[shekels]] or 1,655 [[USD]].
Percent of unemployed persons - first quarter 2006: 8.7%
 
== लोकस॓ख्या ==
=== जनसा॓ख्यिकीय(Demographics) ===
[[चित्र:Israeli_soldiers_and_Arabs.jpg|thumb|180px|Israeli [[Bedouin]] soldiers chat with Arab civilians in [[Galilee]], 1978]]
{{main articles|[[Demographics of Israel]] and [[Languages of Israel]]}}
According to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics, as of May 2006, of Israel's 7 million people, 77% were [[Jew]]s, 18.5% [[Arab]]s, and 4.3% "others".<ref name="pdf2">{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत| दुवा=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf| शीर्षक=Population, by religion and population group| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=2006-04-08| पहिलेनाव =Government of Israel| आडनाव =Central Bureau of Statistics}} {{PDFlink}}</ref> Among Jews, 68% were [[Sabra (person)|Sabras]] (Israeli-born), mostly second- or third-generation Israelis, and the rest are [[oleh|olim]] — 22% from [[Europe]] and the [[Americas]], and 10% from [[Asia]] and [[Africa]], including the [[Arab world|Arab countries]].<ref name="pdf3">{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत| दुवा=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_24.pdf| शीर्षक=Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=2006-04-08| पहिलेनाव =Government of Israel| आडनाव =Central Bureau of Statistics}} {{PDFlink}}</ref>
 
Israel has two official languages; [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. Hebrew is the major and primary language of the state and is spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and by some members of the [[Mizrahi Jews|Mizrahi]] Jewish community. [[English language|English]] is studied in school and is spoken by the majority of the population as a second language. Other languages spoken in Israel include [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]], [[Ladino language|Ladino]], [[Amharic language|Amharic]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[French language|French]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[german language|German]]. American and European popular television shows are commonly presented. Newspapers can be found in all languages listed above as well as others.
 
As of 2004, 224,200 Israeli citizens lived in the [[West Bank]] in numerous [[Israeli settlement]]s, (including towns such as [[Ma'ale Adummim]] and [[Ariel, West Bank|Ariel]], and a handful of communities that were present long before the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] and were re-established after the [[Six-Day War]] such as [[Hebron]] and [[Gush Etzion]]). Around 180,000 Israelis lived in [[East Jerusalem]],<ref name="fmep">{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत| दुवा= http://fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/jerusalem/east_jerusalem_population_area_2000-2002.html| शीर्षक=East Jerusalem Population and Area, 2000-2002| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=2006-04-08| पहिलेनाव =Foundation for Middle East Peace| आडनाव =Settlements information}}</ref> which came under Israeli law following its capture from Jordan during the Six-Day War. About 8,500 Israelis lived in settlements built in the [[Gaza Strip]], prior to their forcible removal by the government in the summer of [[2005]] as part of [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan]].
 
=== इस्रायलची स॓स्कृती ===
{{main|Culture of Israel}}
{{sect-stub}}
[[चित्र:Israel-1948-prestate-stamps-Hebrew-mail.jpg|thumb|180px|The first stamps, designed before the new state adopted its name, featured ancient Jewish coins and the text "Hebrew mail" in Hebrew and Arabic languages]]
Haifa, Tel Aviv, and Jerusalem are cultural centers, known for art museums, and many towns and kibbutzim have smaller high-quality museums. Israeli music is very versatile and combines elements of both western and eastern music. It tends to be very eclectic and contains a wide variety of influences from the [[Diaspora]] and more modern cultural importation: [[Hassidic]] songs, Asian and Arab pop, especially by Yemenite singers, and [[hip hop music|israeli hip hop]] or [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]. Folk dancing, which draws upon the cultural heritage of many immigrant groups, is popular. There is also flourishing modern dance.
{{seealso|Archaeology of Israel|Israel Antiquities Authority|Music of Israel|List of Israeli musical artists|Science and technology in Israel|Hatikvah|Kibbutz}}
 
==जनसांख्यिकी==
=== इस्रायलमधील धर्मव्यवस्था ===
{{main|इस्रायलमधील धर्मव्यवस्था}}
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इस्रायलच्या २००४ च्या केंद्रीय जनगणनेनुसार इस्रायलमध्ये ७६.२% लोक हे धर्माने [[ज्यू]] आहेत, १६.१% [[मुस्लिम]] आहेत, २.१% [[ख्रिश्चन]], 1.6% [[ड्रुज]] आणि उर्वरित ३.९% (मुख्यत्वे देशाटन केलेले रशियन तसेच इतर ज्यू) जे निधर्मी किंवा धर्माच्या आधारावर न मोजलेले लोक आहेत. <ref name="pdf2"/>
 
Roughly 12% of Israeli Jews defined as ''[[Haredi Judaism|haredim]]'' (ultra-orthodox religious); an additional 9% are "religious"; 35% consider themselves "traditionalists" (not strictly adhering to Jewish [[Halakha]]); and 43% are "secular" (termed "hiloni"). Among the seculars, 53% believe in God. However, 78% of all Israelis participate in a Passover seder.<ref>[http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/relinisr-consensus.htm Religion in Israel: A Consensus for Jewish Tradition] by Daniel J. Elazar (JCPA)</ref>
 
Israelis tend not to align themselves with a movement of [[Judaism]] (such as [[Reform Judaism]] or [[Conservative Judaism]]) but instead tend to define their religious affiliation by degree of their religious practice.
 
Among [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab Israelis]], 82.6% were Muslim, 8.8% were [[Christian]] and 8.4% were [[Druze]].<ref name="pdf2" /><!--{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत| दुवा=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf| शीर्षक=Population, by religion and population group| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=2006-04-08| पहिलेनाव =Government of Israel| आडनाव =Central Bureau of Statistics| फॉरमॅट=PDF}}</ref>-->
{{seealso|Holidays and events in Israel}}
 
The [[Baha'i]] world centre, which includes the [[Universal House of Justice]], in Haifa attracts [[Bahá'í pilgrimage|pilgrimage]] from all over the world.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wH_iiKH31BA&mode=related&search= Haifa - Carmel Mountain] (video)</ref> Apart from a few hundred staff, Baha'is do not live in Israel.
 
== मानवी हक्क (Human rights) ==
{{main|Human rights in Israel}}
 
The [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel]] proclaimed that the state "...will foster the development of the country for the benefit of all its inhabitants; it will be based on freedom, justice and peace as envisaged by the [[Prophet#Prophets in Jewish thought|prophets of Israel]]; it will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex; it will guarantee [[freedom of religion]], [[freedom of thought|conscience]], language, education and culture; it will safeguard the [[Holy Place]]s of all religions; and it will be faithful to the principles of the [[Charter of the United Nations]]."<ref>[[wikiquote:Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel]]</ref>
 
Various countries, international bodies, [[non-governmental organizations]] and individuals have evaluated Israel's human rights record, often in relation to the ongoing [[Arab-Israeli conflict]] and the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]].
 
According to 2005 [[US Department of State]] report on Israel, "The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas..." <ref>{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत
| दुवा = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61690.htm
| शीर्षक = Israel and the Occupied Territories
| दिनांक = March 8, 2006
| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक = July 27, 2006
| वर्ष = 2005
| कृती = Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005. Israel and the Occupied Territories
| प्रकाशक = Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
}}
</ref>
 
In 2006, the [[Freedom House]] rated [[political rights]] in Israel as "1" (1 representing the most free and 7 the least free rating), [[civil liberties]] as "2" and gave it the freedom rating of "Free". Other areas, controlled by Israel through military occupation but not considered with the country's main territory were rated as "6", "5", and "Not Free." <ref>{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत
| दुवा=http://www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/pdf/Charts2006.pdf
| शीर्षक=Freedom in the World 2006
| प्रकाशक=[[Freedom House]]
| दिनांक=[[2005-12-16]]
| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=2006-07-27
| फॉरमॅट={{PDFlink}}
}}<br />See also [[Freedom in the World 2006]], [[List of indices of freedom]]</ref>
 
Within Israel, policies of its government are often subjected to criticism by its press (the only country ranked "Free" (28 on the scale 1-100) in the region in 2005 by Freedom House<ref>{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत
| शीर्षक = Press Freedom Rankings by Region 2005
| प्रकाशक = [[Freedom House]]
| दिनांक = 2005
| दुवा = http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=202&year=2005
| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=2006-08-12
}}</ref>) as well as a vast variety of political, human rights and watchdog groups such as [[Association for Civil Rights in Israel]], [[B'Tselem]], [[Machsom Watch]], [[Women in Black]], [[Women for Israel's Tomorrow]], among others. According to the [[Reporters Without Borders]], "The Israeli media were once again in 2005 the only ones in the region that had genuine freedom to speak out."<ref>{{संकेतस्थळ स्रोत
| शीर्षक = Israel - Annual report 2006
| प्रकाशक = [[Reporters Without Borders]]
| दिनांक = 2006
| दुवा = http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=17231&Valider=OK
| अ‍ॅक्सेसदिनांक=2006-08-12
}}</ref>
 
== Annotated list of Israeli media sources ==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''General references to the Israeli media:'''
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/facts%20about%20israel/culture/the%20printed%20media-%20israel-s%20newspapers The Printed Media: Israel's Newspapers] Summary from the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
* [[List of Israeli newspapers]]
'''English-language periodicals:'''
* ''[[Azure (journal)|Azure]]'' [http://www.azure.co.il/] English edition of the quarterly journal offering essays and criticism on Israeli and Jewish public policy, culture and philosophy
* ''[[Globes]]'' [http://www.globes.co.il/serveen/globes/nodeView.asp?fid=942] English-language website of Israel's business and technology daily
* ''[[Haaretz]]'' [http://www.haaretz.com/] Online English edition of the relatively highbrow Hebrew-language newspaper, Haaretz has a liberal editorial stance similar to that of ''[[The Guardian]]''.
* ''[[IsraelInsider]]'' [http://www.israelinsider.com/] - Independent, right wing outlet. Target audience is American Jewry.
* ''[[Jerusalem Newswire]]'' [http://www.jnewswire.com/ ] Independent, right-wing Christian-run news outlet
* ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'' [http://www.jpost.com/] Israel's oldest English-language newspaper, considered to have a right-of-center editorial slant
* ''[[The Jerusalem Report]]'' [http://www.jrep.com/] Left-of-center English [[weekly newspaper]]
* ''[[YNetNews]]'' [http://www.ynetnews.com/] English-language website of Israel's largest newspaper ''[[Yedioth Ahronoth]]''
'''Hebrew-language periodicals:'''
* ''[[Globes]]'' [http://www.globes.co.il/ ] business daily
* ''[[Haaretz]]'' [http://www.haaretz.co.il/] Relatively highbrow Israeli newspaper with a liberal editorial stance similar to that of ''[[The Guardian]]''
* ''[[Hamodia]]'' Daily newspaper serving Israel's [[Haredi]] community. English editions are also published in the [[United States|U.S.]] and the [[United Kingdom|U.K.]] and serve local Jewish Orthodox communities in those countries. ''Hamodia'' is not available online.
* ''[[Hazofe]]'' [http://www.hazofe.co.il/] daily newspaper with a [[religious Zionist movement|religious Zionist]] point of view
* ''[[Maariv]]'' [http://www.NRG.co.il/] Second largest Israeli newspaper, centrist.
* ''[[Makor Rishon]]'' [http://www.makorrishon.net/] highbrow conservative [[weekly newspaper]], conceived as a right-wing alternative to [[Ha'aretz]]
{{col-2}}
'''Hebrew-language periodicals (continued):'''
* ''[[Azure (journal)|Tchelet]]'' [http://www.tchelet.org.il/] Hebrew edition of ''Azure'', a quarterly journal covering Israeli public policy
* ''[[Yated Ne'eman]]'' Daily newspaper serving the [[Haredi]] community
* ''[[Yedioth Ahronoth]]'' [http://www.ynet.co.il/] Israel's largest newspaper, centrist
 
'''German-language periodicals:'''
* ''[[Israel Nachrichten]]'' [http://www.imh-deutschland.de/service/index.php?rubrik=0010&id=0038] The German-language daily from Tel Aviv for the 100,000 German-speaking Jews in Israel
 
'''Arabic-language periodicals:'''
* ''Al-Ittihad'' Arabic-language daily newspaper
<!-- '''Russian-language periodicals:''' -->
'''Israeli broadcast media:'''
* [http://www.iba.org.il/ Israel Broadcasting Authority], TV News in Hebrew, some English.
* [http://www.jerusalemonline.co.il/home.asp JerusalemONLINE] video news update from Israel in English by [[Channel 2 (Israel)|Channel 2]] News.
* [http://www.radioisrael.com/ Radio Israel]
* [http://www.israelnationalnews.com/ Arutz Sheva] news site representing the settler community, right-wing religious (English)
* [http://www.israelradio.org/ Kol Israel - Voice of Israel] Also produced by the IBA. In Hebrew, French, English, Spanish, Ladino, Russian, Persian, Yiddish, etc.
* [http://www.isracast.com/ IsraCast] - Independent, multimedia broadcast and distribution network that focuses on Israeli foreign affairs and defense issues (English)
* [[Israelisms Podcast]] [http://www.israelisms.com] Weekly podcast about everyday life and politics in Israel (English)
'''Notable Internet sources:'''
* [[DailyAlert]] [http://www.dailyalert.org/] daily digest of Israeli and world media reports on Israel and the Middle East prepared by the [[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] for [[The Conference of Presidents of Major American Jewish Organizations]]
* [[IsraPundit]][http://israpundit.com] Pro-Israel news and views from right-wing perspective.
* [http://www.infoisrael.net Israel Habara Committee]
 
'''Relevant non-Israeli media:'''
* [[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]] [http://www.jta.org/], New York-based [[news agency]] covering worldwide Jewish news, centrist (English)
{{col-end}}
 
== अधिक माहितीसाठी हे वाचा ==
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{{Reflist}}
 
[[वर्ग:पश्चिम आशिया]]
 
[[वर्ग:अन्य भाषेतील मजकूर भाषांतरीत न झाल्यास जून २०१५ मध्ये असा मजकूर वगळण्यात येणारी पाने]]
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