"भूमिती" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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[[चित्र:Pythagorean.svg|thumb|right|250px|पायथागोरसाचा सिद्धांत - काटकोन त्रिकोणाच्या दोन बाजूंवर उभारलेल्या चौरसांच्या क्षेत्रफळांची बेरीज त्रिकोणाच्या कर्णावर उभारलेल्या चौरसाच्या क्षेत्रफळाइतकी असते.]]
'''भूमिती''' ([[ग्रीक भाषा|ग्रीक]]: ''γεωμετρία'' ; [[इंग्लिश भाषा|इंग्रजी]]: ''Geometry'', ''जॉमेट्री'' / ''जिऑमेट्री'' ; अर्थ: ''भू'' -जमीन, ''मिती'' -मापन ;) ही आकृत्यांचे आकार, आकारमान व अवकाशाचे गुणधर्म अभ्यासणारी [[गणित|गणिताची]] एक शाखा आहे. ज्ञात इतिहासानुसार अभिजात गणिताच्या शाखांमधील सर्वाधिक प्राचीन शाखांमध्ये भूमितीची गणना होते. आरंभिक कालखंडात लांबी, क्षेत्रफळ व घनफळ इत्यादी गुणधर्मांच्या व्यावहारिक अभ्यासापर्यंत सीमित असणाऱ्या भूमितीला [[इ.स.पू.चे ३ रे शतक|इ.स.पू.च्या ३ ऱ्या शतकात]] [[युक्लिड]] या ग्रीक तत्त्वज्ञाने केलेल्या विषयाच्या संगतवार मांडणीमुळे सैद्धान्तिक बैठक मिळाली.Geometry (Ancient Greek: γεωμετρία; geo- "earth", -metron "measurement") is a branch of mathematics concerned with questions of shape, size, relative position of figures, and the properties of space. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. Geometry arose independently in a number of early cultures as a body of practical knowledge concerning lengths, areas, and volumes, with elements of formal mathematical science emerging in the West as early as Thales (6th Century BC). By the 3rd century BC, geometry was put into an axiomatic form by Euclid, whose treatment—Euclidean geometry—set a standard for many centuries to follow.[1] Archimedes developed ingenious techniques for calculating areas and volumes, in many ways anticipating modern integral calculus. The field of astronomy, especially as it relates to mapping the positions of stars and planets on the celestial sphere and describing the relationship between movements of celestial bodies, served as an important source of geometric problems during the next one and a half millennia. In the classical world, both geometry and astronomy were considered to be part of the Quadrivium, a subset of the seven liberal arts considered essential for a free citizen to master.
 
The introduction of coordinates by René Descartes and the concurrent developments of algebra marked a new stage for geometry, since geometric figures such as plane curves could now be represented analytically in the form of functions and equations. This played a key role in the emergence of infinitesimal calculus in the 17th century. Furthermore, the theory of perspective showed that there is more to geometry than just the metric properties of figures: perspective is the origin of projective geometry. The subject of geometry was further enriched by the study of the intrinsic structure of geometric objects that originated with Euler and Gauss and led to the creation of topology and differential geometry.
 
In Euclid's time, there was no clear distinction between physical and geometrical space. Since the 19th-century discovery of non-Euclidean geometry, the concept of space has undergone a radical transformation and raised the question of which geometrical space best fits physical space. With the rise of formal mathematics in the 20th century, 'space' (whether 'point', 'line', or 'plane') lost its intuitive contents, so today we have to distinguish between physical space, geometrical spaces (in which 'space', 'point' etc. still have their intuitive meaning) and abstract spaces. Contemporary geometry considers manifolds, spaces that are considerably more abstract than the familiar Euclidean space, which they only approximately resemble at small scales. These spaces may be endowed with additional structure which allow one to speak about length. Modern geometry has many ties to physics as is exemplified by the links between pseudo-Riemannian geometry and general relativity. One of the youngest physical theories, string theory, is also very geometric in flavour.
 
While the visual nature of geometry makes it initially more accessible than other mathematical areas such as algebra or number theory, geometric language is also used in contexts far removed from its traditional, Euclidean provenance (for example, in fractal geometry and algebraic geometry).[2]
 
== भूमितीचा इतिहास ==
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